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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue

Time: 3:12 am

Results for crimes against businesses

51 results found

Author: Deloitte MCS Limited

Title: Northern Ireland Office - Evaluation of the Radiolink Scheme: Final Report

Summary: The strategic aim of the Radiolink Scheme is to reduce the level of business and retail crime experienced by towns, in particular, shoplifting and to reduce the fear of crime. Radiolink also seeks to deter anti-social behaviour affecting town centres. This report examines the range of evidence available to indicate the impact of introducing Radiolink on the level of retail crime and anti-social behaviour. Evalaution activity contributing to this assessment included analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data.

Details: Belfast: Deloitte MCS Limited, 2006. 98p.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2006

Country: United Kingdom

URL:

Shelf Number: 119474

Keywords:
Antisocial Behavior
Commercial Crime
Crime Prevention
Crimes Against Businesses
Retail Crime
Shoplifting

Author: Welsh Enterprise Institute (University of Glamorgan, Business School)

Title: Putting the Economy Back on Track: Crimes Against Business

Summary: The stark reality is that 64% of businesses fell victim to crime over a twelve-month period, and crime costs each business an average of £13,354 a year. The uncertainty in the financial markets is a concern for many small businesses, and an effective response to tackle crimes that are eating away at our local communities and national economy is now more important than ever. The survey results show that crimes targeted against small business are on the rise. Crime affects a business’ ability to meet customer deadlines and attract customers and adversely affects its profitability, ultimately resulting in businesses closing down and jobs and local economies being put at risk. Valuable time and resources are spent dealing with the aftermath of a crime and businesses are feeling the squeeze of narrowing profit margins and rising insurance premiums. Businesses, and their staff in the local community, are victims of repeat crime in the form of vandalism, vehicle damage and threatening behaviour. Crimes against business make up a significant 20%, or the ‘Forgotten Fifth’, of all recorded crime in the UK. An effective response at a national, regional and local level is necessary for the sustainability of our local communities and the national economy. Neighbourhood Policing Units (NPUs) are hailed as the answer to local crime problems. Businesses themselves have some faith in NPUs as an effective response to crime at a local level. However, far fewer businesses have had any direct contact with their local unit. This needs to change, especially when it is claimed that businesses are a ‘strategic partner’. NPUs should be engaging directly with the business community and making it a priority to factor their views and interests into local strategies to tackle crime against business.

Details: London: Federation of Small Businesses, 2008. 26p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2010 at: http://www.fsb.org.uk/policy/Publications

Year: 2008

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.fsb.org.uk/policy/Publications

Shelf Number: 119833

Keywords:
Commercial Crimes
Crime Statistics
Crimes Against Businesses
Neighborhood Policing
Retail Crime
Vandalism

Author: Carter, Sara

Title: Crime and the Small Business

Summary: In April 2004, the Federation of Small Businesses published “Lifting the Barriers to Growth in UK Small Businesses”, a summary of the results of the third biennial survey of the FSB membership. This new report provides a more detailed analysis of the data collected in the 2004 survey on the effect of crime in the small business sector. Here, we investigate the extent to which small businesses are affected by crime, the cost of crime to the small business sector and the crime prevention measures that they adopt to combat crime.

Details: London: Federation of Small Businesses, 2005. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2010 at: http://www.fsb.org.uk/documentstore/filedetails.asp?id=229

Year: 2005

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.fsb.org.uk/documentstore/filedetails.asp?id=229

Shelf Number: 119834

Keywords:
Commercial Crimes
Crime Statistics
Crimes Against Businesses
Retail Crime

Author: Consumer Goods Council of South Africa

Title: Trend Report on Violent Crime at Shopping Centres March 2008

Summary: This report is aimed at providing shopping centre owners and managers with an overview of violent crime occurring at shopping centers. The data for this report was collected from the following sources: incidents reported to the initiative by shopping centers, South African Berau (SABRIC) recorded incidents, the Consumer Goods Council of South Africa (CGCSA) retail database and press reports. The Shopping Centre Security Initiative focuses specifically on violent crime occurring at shopping centers. The initiative has identified a number of different categories of violent crime that occur at, or are linked to, shopping centers. These categories include: Cash-in Transit: This refers to robberies of bulk cash whilst in the custody of Cash-in Transit service providers. With regards to shopping centers, these robberies could occur while the cash-in-transit service provider’s vehicle is moving or ‘cross pavement’ where the personel of the cash-in-transit service provider is robbed while making their way to the vehicle. Robberies: Where armed robberies occur in an actual retail outlet situated in a shopping centre. These robberies involve both cash and merchandise - including valuables such as jewelry or cellular phones. Robberies are associated with the threat of weapons. Hi-Jackings: This refers to armed robberies of vehicles either at the shopping centre itself or where the victim is followed from the shopping centre and then robbed of their vehicle outside the shopping centre premises. ATM Attacks: This refers specifically to where explosives were used by criminals in order to disable ATM machines. Shopping centers as places to target victims: This refers to incidents where criminals make use of shopping centers to identify people to be targeted and then follow the targeted victim out of the shopping centre and rob them outside the shopping centre premises.

Details: South Africa: Consumer Goods Council, Crime Prevention Council, 2008. 15p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 27, 2011 at: www.restaurant.org.za/downloads/crime1.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: South Africa

URL:

Shelf Number: 121541

Keywords:
Automated Teller Machines (ATM) Crimes
Automobile Theft
Cash-In-Transit Crimes
Crimes Against Businesses
Motor Vehicle Theft
Retail Crimes
Robberies
Shopping Malls

Author: Ponemon Institute

Title: Second Annual Cost of Cyber Crime Study: Benchmark Study of U.S. Companies

Summary: Sponsored by ArcSight, an HP company, this report presents the findings of the Second Annual Cost of Cyber Crime Study. This year’s study is based on a representative sample of 50 organizations in various industry sectors. While our research focused on organizations located in the United States, many are multinational corporations. For consistency purposes, our benchmark sample consists of only larger-sized organizations (i.e., more than 700 enterprise seats). Despite widespread awareness of the impact of cybercrime, cyber attacks continue to occur frequently and result in serious financial consequences for businesses and government institutions. Key takeaways from this report include:  Cyber crimes can do serious harm to an organization’s bottom line. We found that the median annualized cost of cyber crime for 50 organizations in our study is $5.9 million per year, with a range of $1.5 million to $36.5 million each year per company. This represents an increase in median cost of 56 percent from our first cyber cost study published last year.  Cyber attacks have become common occurrences. The companies in our study experienced 72 successful attacks per week and more than one successful attack per company per week. This represents an increase of 44 percent from last year’s successful attack experience.  The most costly cyber crimes are those caused by malicious code, denial of service, stolen devices and web-based attacks. Mitigation of such attacks requires enabling technologies such as SIEM and enterprise governance, risk management and compliance (GRC) solutions. Similar to last year, the purpose of this benchmark research is to quantify the economic impact of cyber attacks and observe cost trends over time. We believe a better understanding of the cost of cyber crime will assist organizations in determining the appropriate amount of investment and resources needed to prevent or mitigate the devastating consequences of an attack. Cyber attacks generally refer to criminal activity conducted via the Internet. These attacks can include stealing an organization’s intellectual property, confiscating online bank accounts, creating and distributing viruses on other computers, posting confidential business information on the Internet and disrupting a country’s critical national infrastructure. Recent well-publicized cyber attacks – for instance, Wikileaks, Epsilion, Sony, Citibank, Boeing, Google, and RSA – have affected private and public sector organizations. As described above, our goal is to be able to quantify with as much accuracy as possible the costs incurred by organizations when they have a cyber attack. In our experience, a traditional survey approach would not capture the necessary details required to extrapolate cyber crime costs. Therefore, we decided to pursue field-based research that involved interviewing senior-level personnel and collecting details about actual cyber crime incidents. Approximately nine months of effort was required to recruit companies, build an activity-based cost model, collect source information and analyze results. This research culminated with the completion of case studies involving 50 organizations. The focus of our project was the direct, indirect and opportunity costs that resulted from the loss or theft of information, disruption to business operations, revenue loss and destruction of property, plant and equipment. In addition to external consequences of the cyber crime, the analysis attempted to capture the total cost spent on detection, investigation, containment, recovery and after-the-fact or “ex-post” response.

Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2011. 30p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 20, 2011 at: http://www.arcsight.com/collateral/whitepapers/2011_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_Study_August.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.arcsight.com/collateral/whitepapers/2011_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_Study_August.pdf

Shelf Number: 122797

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Cybercrimes
Cybersecurity
Internet Crimes

Author: Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA)

Title: Crime Trends and Leading Practices Survey

Summary: The Retail Industry Leaders Association’s (RILA) Crime Trends and Leading Practices Survey was launched in December 2008 in an effort to measure the correlation between criminal activity and the economic downturn among the nation’s leading retailers. RILA has continued to monitor crime trends, conducting follow-up surveys in May 2009, January 2010 and August 2010. In August 2010, the survey was expanded to solicit feedback from retailers regarding effective criminal risk mitigation tools as part of an industry-wide collaborative effort to combat retail crime. Survey participants were asked to report measured or perceived changes in crimes perpetrated against retailers over the past year and to share leading practices for minimizing business risks. Reflective of RILA’s membership, respondents represented all retail segments: building/garden equipment, clothing/accessories, food/beverage, furniture/electronics/appliances, general merchandise, motor vehicles/parts, Sporting goods/hobby /books/music and miscellaneous.

Details: Arlington, VA: Retail Industry Leaders Association, 2011. 19p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2011 at: http://www.rila.org/email/FINALPRESSRILACrimeTrendsLeadingPracticesSurveyFinalOctober2011.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.rila.org/email/FINALPRESSRILACrimeTrendsLeadingPracticesSurveyFinalOctober2011.pdf

Shelf Number: 123046

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Economics and Crime
Hot Products
Organized Retail Crime
Retail Crime
Shoplifting
Stolen Goods
Theft

Author: British Retail Consortium

Title: Retail Crime Survey 2011

Summary: Retail crime was thrust in to the public eye following the August riots in 2011. This highlighted the importance of tackling retail crime at an early stage. This criminal behaviour had a significant impact on retail businesses but most importantly, on retail staff and customers. While reassuring to see so many of those involved remanded in custody and given custodial sentences, the high percentage of those who had previous convictions remains a matter of significant concern. Despite a reduction in offences the cost of retail crime has significantly risen. The overall cost of retail crime has increased by 31 per cent to £1.4 billion. This is equivalent to 130,000 retail jobs. A worrying trend this year is the increase in threats and verbal abuse to retail staff which has increased by 83 per cent when compared to last year. Robberies have also increased by 20 per cent with retailers reporting an increase in the use of weapons and violence. Despite a reduction in theft and burglaries reported in this year's survey the value of these offences has increased significantly. Retailers have invested heavily to protect against low-level offending, however, the increase in costs associated with these offences is a likely indication of an increase in more serious and organised offending. While the BRC supports the Government's proposal to introduce locally elected Police and Crime Commissioners later this year, we are concerned that the lack of appropriate measurement for retail crime, combined with greater reliance on crime maps to determine local crime priorities, will make it exceptionally difficult for retailers to influence the local crime agenda. As we move towards more locally based policing, it is imperative that retail is seen as a cornerstone to safe and vibrant communities and that retailers are genuinely involved in setting local crime priorities.

Details: London, UK: British Retail Consortium, 2012. 56p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on February 3, 2012 at http://www.brc.org.uk/brc_show_document.asp?id=4324&moid=7614

Year: 2012

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.brc.org.uk/brc_show_document.asp?id=4324&moid=7614

Shelf Number: 123930

Keywords:
Armed Robbery
Crime Statistics
Crime Survey
Crimes Against Businesses
Retail Crime (U.K.)
Robbery
Theft

Author: U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Coalition Against Counterfeiting and Piracy (CACP)

Title: No Trade in Fakes Supply Chain Tool Kit

Summary: The growing problem of counterfeiting and piracy threatens businesses and consumers in nearly every region of the world. Fake products deprive legitimate businesses of revenue and undermine consumer confidence in their brand names. The damage affects both the brand and domestic and foreign subcontractors that supply materials, components, and finished products to the brand owner. Consumers are also adversely affected because they are deceived into buying fake products that don't meet the brand owner's standards and can pose health and safety hazards. Governments have a particularly critical role to play in this effort. They must create the necessary legal infrastructure to protect trademarks and copyrights effectively and enforce intellectual property laws to deter fraudulent behavior. Businesses, however, must also do their part to prevent the production and sale of counterfeit products. Many aspects of the counterfeiting problem are beyond the control of businesses. But one important area over which businesses can exert a large measure of control is the security of their supply chain. Lax security creates opportunities for counterfeit and stolen goods to make their way into legitimate production, wholesale, and retail channels. Globalization, the Internet, and advanced technology have made it easier for counterfeiters to infiltrate fake products into the supply chain and increase the availability of these products in markets around the world. Yet many businesses, particularly small and medium-size companies, do not fully appreciate the bottom-line cost of lax supply chain security and the adverse impact it has on brand value. To assist businesses and raise awareness of the importance of supply chain security, the Coalition Against Counterfeiting and Piracy (CACP) has developed a tool kit of best practices that companies in a variety of industry sectors are using to improve their internal systems and coordinate with other stakeholders, including subcontractors and government authorities. The CACP recognizes that supply chain requirements vary from industry to industry. There is not one set of best practices effective for all businesses. However, there are lessons that can be learned from businesses that take the security of their supply chains seriously. The following tool kit provides a useful guide for businesses to assess the effectiveness of their supply chain practices and consider new options for improving performance. In addition, this tool kit includes 7 case studies highlighting companies who are employing successful strategies to help protect their products from counterfeiters and modern-day pirates.

Details: Washington, DC: Accenture, 2006. 25p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2012 at http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/OQBP/sci/sci_reference_docs/SCI%20No%20Trade%20in%20Fakes%20CACP.pdf

Year: 2006

Country: United States

URL: http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/OQBP/sci/sci_reference_docs/SCI%20No%20Trade%20in%20Fakes%20CACP.pdf

Shelf Number: 124469

Keywords:
Consumer Fraud
Counterfeiting
Crime Prevention
Crimes Against Businesses
Piracy

Author: Islam, Asif

Title: Police and Crime Against Firms in Developing Economies

Summary: Economic theory predicts that a rise in police presence will reduce criminal activity. However several studies in the literature have found mixed results. This study adds to the literature by exploring the relationship between the size of police and crime against firms, an important issue especially for developing economies. Using data for about 12,000 firms in 27 developing countries we find that increasing the police force has a negative effect on crime against firms. We also find that several macro-economic factors can weaken or strengthen this negative effect. The results are robust to various sensitivity checks.

Details: Munich: MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 2011. 34p.

Source: Internet Resource: MPRA Paper No. 36725; http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36725/1/MPRA_paper_36725.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36725/1/MPRA_paper_36725.pdf

Shelf Number: 125138

Keywords:
Crime and Development
Crimes Against Businesses
Economics and Crime
Police Size

Author: Baker, Joanne

Title: Review of the Waverley Theft Reduction Strategy: Final Report

Summary: The Waverley Theft Reduction Strategy was a joint initiative of the NSW Department of Justice and Attorney General and the NSW Police Force that ran from December 2007 to April 2009. The aim of the Strategy was to reduce the incidence of retail theft and steal from person offences in the Bondi Junction Shopping Precinct. CPD undertook a review of the Strategy to examine the implementation of the Strategy and the outcomes it achieved. Key features of the Strategy were the development of strong partnerships with local stakeholders to implement a range of crime prevention initiatives. Key stakeholders included the NSW Police Force, Waverley Council, the major shopping centres (Westfield, Eastgate), key retailers, Railcorp and the State Transit Authority of NSW. It was intended that the initiatives would be based on approaches that had shown promising results in other locations. The evidence base in the area, however, is limited at present and so we don’t have a good understanding of the key drivers of retail and personal theft or the types of solutions likely to be effective in reducing these offences. The initiatives were therefore based on the best available evidence and were primarily aimed at educating retailers and the public about suitable crime prevention techniques and encouraging them to adopt such techniques. The initiatives included —  Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) audits in identified hotspot stores to recommend potential store improvements.  Seminars (Bizsafe seminars) to educate retailers about crime prevention techniques.  A community education campaign (Gone in a Flash) to inform the public about how to better protect their personal belongings.  A young offender program to educate young shoplifting offenders about the consequences of shoplifting and help reduce their future risk of offending.  Installation of anti-theft accessories (such as hooks to secure handbags and other bags) in food-courts, change-rooms and shoe stores to better protect personal belongings.  A crime prevention newsletter to provide information about the Strategy and crime prevention tips to stakeholders and retailers.

Details: Sydney: NSW Department of Attorney General and Justice, Crime Prevention Division, 2011. 41p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 7, 2012 at: http://www.crimeprevention.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/cpd/m660001l2/waverley%20theft%20reduction.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.crimeprevention.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/cpd/m660001l2/waverley%20theft%20reduction.pdf

Shelf Number: 125496

Keywords:
Crime Prevention Through Environment Design
Crimes Against Businesses
Publicity Campaigns
Retail Crime (Australia)
Shoplifting
Theft

Author: Walters, Julie

Title: The Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Regime in Australia: Perceptions of Regulated Businesses in Australia

Summary: In Australia, legislation was introduced in 2006 that requires specified businesses to forward reports of certain financial transactions to the Australian Government agency, AUSTRAC. As part of the Australian Institute of Criminology’s research in to Australia’s anti-money laundering/counter-terrorism financing regime, a survey was conducted in mid 2009 of all business with reporting obligations to AUSTRAC. This report examines the findings of the survey on the perceptions of Australian businesses to the reporting regime in Australia.

Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012. 82p.

Source: Internet Resource: Research and Public Policy Series 117: Accessed September 13, 2012 at: http://aic.gov.au/documents/B/B/A/%7BBBA061D1-79A8-4F55-9429-B7390A34E13C%7Drpp117.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: Australia

URL: http://aic.gov.au/documents/B/B/A/%7BBBA061D1-79A8-4F55-9429-B7390A34E13C%7Drpp117.pdf

Shelf Number: 126323

Keywords:
Counter-Terrorism
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes
Money Laundering (Australia)
Terrorist Financing

Author: Institute of Internal Auditors

Title: Managing the Business Risk of Fraud: A Practical Guide

Summary: All organizations are subject to fraud risks. Large frauds have led to the downfall of entire organizations, massive investment losses, significant legal costs, incarceration of key individuals, and erosion of confidence in capital markets. Publicized fraudulent behavior by key executives has negatively impacted the reputations, brands, and images of many organizations around the globe. Regulations such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA), the 1997 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Anti-Bribery Convention, the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines of 2005, and similar legislation throughout the world have increased management’s responsibility for fraud risk management. Reactions to recent corporate scandals have led the public and stakeholders to expect organizations to take a “no fraud tolerance” attitude. Good governance principles demand that an organization’s board of directors, or equivalent oversight body, ensure overall high ethical behavior in the organization, regardless of its status as public, private, government, or not-for-profit; its relative size; or its industry. The board’s role is critically important because historically most major frauds are perpetrated by senior management in collusion with other employees. Vigilant handling of fraud cases within an organization sends clear signals to the public, stakeholders, and regulators about the board and management’s attitude toward fraud risks and about the organization’s fraud risk tolerance. In addition to the board, personnel at all levels of the organization — including every level of management, staff, and internal auditors, as well as the organization’s external auditors — have responsibility for dealing with fraud risk. Particularly, they are expected to explain how the organization is responding to heightened regulations, as well as public and stakeholder scrutiny; what form of fraud risk management program the organization has in place; how it identifies fraud risks; what it is doing to better prevent fraud, or at least detect it sooner; and what process is in place to investigate fraud and take corrective action. This guide is designed to help address these tough issues. This guide recommends ways in which boards, senior management, and internal auditors can fight fraud in their organization. Specifically, it provides credible guidance from leading professional organizations that defines principles and theories for fraud risk management and describes how organizations of various sizes and types can establish their own fraud risk management program. The guide includes examples of key program components and resources that organizations can use as a starting place to develop a fraud risk management program effectively and efficiently. Each organization needs to assess the degree of emphasis to place on fraud risk management based on its size and circumstances.

Details: Washington, DC: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 2008. 80p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2012 at: http://www.aicpa.org/ForThePublic/AuditCommitteeEffectiveness/AuditCommitteeBrief/DownloadableDocuments/Managing_the_Business_Risk_of_Fraud.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: United States

URL: http://www.aicpa.org/ForThePublic/AuditCommitteeEffectiveness/AuditCommitteeBrief/DownloadableDocuments/Managing_the_Business_Risk_of_Fraud.pdf

Shelf Number: 126726

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Fraud and Corruption (U.S.)

Author: Gwynn, Mike

Title: Theft of Construction Plant & Equipment

Summary: This paper examines the problem of construction plant and equipment theft as it affects various insurance markets in the world and the actions which can be taken by those plant operators who wish to reduce their exposure to theft.

Details: International Association of Engineering Insurers, 2005. 33p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2012 at: http://www.imia.com/downloads/imia_papers/wgp43_2005.pdf

Year: 2005

Country: International

URL: http://www.imia.com/downloads/imia_papers/wgp43_2005.pdf

Shelf Number: 126731

Keywords:
Burglary
Construction Equipement Theft
Crime Prevention
Crimes Against Businesses
Property Crimes
Theft Offenses

Author: Great Britain. Home Office

Title: Crime Against businesses: Headline Findings from the 2012 Commercial Victimisation Survey

Summary: The 2012 Commercial Victimisation Survey (CVS) is the first of a new series of Home Office surveys covering crime against businesses, with plans to repeat the survey in 2013 and 2014. The CVS was a recommendation from the National Statistician’s review of crime statistics to address the significant gap in crime statistics that existed for crimes against businesses. These are not covered by either of the two main sources of data on crime: the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) and crimes recorded by the police, both of which are published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). While police recorded crime does include crimes against businesses, it does not separate these out from other crimes (other than for offences such as shoplifting which, by its nature, is against businesses) and also only includes those crimes that are reported to, and recorded by, the police. The CSEW is a survey of crime against households and individuals living in those households and so does not cover crime against businesses at all.

Details: London: Home Office, 2013. 29p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 29, 2013 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/crime-business-prem-2012/crime-business-prem-2012-pdf?view=Binary

Year: 2013

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/crime-business-prem-2012/crime-business-prem-2012-pdf?view=Binary

Shelf Number: 127413

Keywords:
Commercial Crimes
Crime Statistics
Crimes Against Businesses
Victimization Survey (U.K.)

Author: Finklea, Kristin

Title: Organized Retail Crime

Summary: Organized retail crime (ORC) involves the large-scale theft of everyday consumer items and potentially has much broader implications. Organized groups of professional shoplifters, or “boosters,” steal or fraudulently obtain merchandise that is then sold, or “fenced,” to individuals and retailers through a variety of venues. In an increasingly globalized society, more and more transactions take place online rather than face-to-face. As such, in addition to relying on physical resale markets, organized retail thieves have turned to online marketplaces as means to fence their ill-gotten goods. ORC exposes the United States to costs and harms in the economic, public health, and domestic security arenas. The exact loss from ORC to the retail industry is unknown, but estimates have ranged from $15 billion to $37 billion annually. The economic impact, however, extends beyond the manufacturing and retail industry and includes costs incurred by consumers and taxes lost by the states. The theft and resale of stolen consumable or health and beauty products such as infant formula (that may have been repackaged, relabeled, and subjected to altered expiration dates) poses potential safety concerns for individuals purchasing such goods from ORC fences. In addition, some industry experts and policy makers have expressed concern about the possibility that proceeds from ORC may be used to fund terrorist activities. Current efforts to combat ORC largely come from retailers, online marketplaces, and law enforcement alike. Retailers responding to the 2010 National Retail Security Survey spent an average of 0.46% of their annual sales on loss prevention measures. These loss prevention costs are ultimately borne by consumers in the form of higher prices on goods. Also, online marketplaces report taking various measures to combat the sale of stolen and fraudulently obtained goods on their websites, including educating sellers and consumers, monitoring suspicious activity, and partnering with retailers and law enforcement. Combating retail theft has traditionally been handled by state law enforcement under state criminal laws. Some, however, have begun to question whether state laws—which vary in the quantity of monetary losses that constitute major theft—are adequate to combat ORC. While many agree that ORC is a national problem, there is debate over the federal government’s role in deterring ORC and sanctioning various actors that may be involved in committing or aiding these crimes. One policy issue facing Congress is whether criminalizing organized retail crime in the U.S. Code would allow for more effective investigation and prosecution of these criminals. Congress may also wish to consider whether regulating resale marketplaces (online markets, in particular), to require such entities to increase information sharing with retailers and law enforcement, would strengthen investigations and prosecutions of ORC as well as decrease the prevalence of retail thieves relying on legitimate online marketplaces to fence stolen goods.

Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012. 26p.

Source: Internet Resource: CRS Report R41118: Accessed January 29, 2013 at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41118.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41118.pdf

Shelf Number: 127431

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Fencing Stolen Goods
Hot Products
Organized Crime (U.S.)
Organized Retail Crime
Retail Theft
Shoplifting
Stolen Goods

Author: SBP

Title: The Impact of Crime on Small Businesses in South Africa

Summary: There is broad agreement that the high levels of crime – and violent crime in particular – significantly constrain businesses in South Africa. However, very little has been known about: • how likely small and emerging business are to be victims of crime • the types of crime they experience most frequently • the ways in which crime constrains small business growth and development, and • how much crime actually costs small businesses both in money and in resources. This report provides the first evidence-based answers to these questions. The sur-vey covered 446 small and emerging businesses, almost all owned by historically disadvantaged black Africans, in Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg. The survey focused on businesses operating in industrial sectors with the potential to contribute to economic growth and to support job creation. The sample largely excluded subsistence-level activities. It covered businesses located in inner city areas, large townships and informal settlements, and densely developed suburban areas such as shopping centres and business parks, and provides robust evidence about the experiences and perceptions of small business owners in a variety of settings in and around the three major metropolitan areas, with their different local economies and urban cultures.

Details: Johannesburg: SBP, 2008. 102p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 29, 2013 at: http://www.sbp.org.za/uploads/media/SBP_impact_of_crime_on_small_businesses_report___2008.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: South Africa

URL: http://www.sbp.org.za/uploads/media/SBP_impact_of_crime_on_small_businesses_report___2008.pdf

Shelf Number: 127434

Keywords:
Crime Statistics
Crimes Against Businesses
Economics and Crime
Retail Crime (South Africa)

Author: Qian, Yi

Title: Untangling Searchable and Experiential Quality Responses to Counterfeits

Summary: In this paper, we untangle the searchable and experiential dimensions of quality responses to entry by counterfeiters in emerging markets with weak intellectual property rights. Our theoretical framework analyzes the market equilibria under competition with non-deceptive counterfeiting and deceptive counterfeiting, respectively, as well as under monopoly branding. A key theoretical prediction is that emerging markets can be self-corrective with respect to counterfeiting issues in the following sense: First, counterfeiters could earn positive profits by pooling with authentic brands only when consumers have good faith in the market (believe in a low probability that any product is a counterfeit). When the proportion of counterfeits in the market exceeds a cutoff value, brands would invest in self-differentiation from the competitive fringe counterfeiters. Second, to attain a separating equilibrium with counterfeiters, branded incumbents upgrade the searchable quality (e.g. appearance) of their products more and improve the experiential quality (e.g. functionality) less, as compared to monopoly equilibrium. This prediction uncovers the nature of product differentiation in the searchable dimension and helps in analyzing the real-world innovation strategies employed by authentic firms in response to entries by counterfeit entities. In addition, the welfare analyses hint at a non-linear relationship between social welfare and intellectual property enforcement.

Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2013. 32p.

Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series; Working Paper 18784: Accessed February 11, 2013 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w18784

Year: 2013

Country: International

URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w18784

Shelf Number: 127560

Keywords:
Counterfeiting
Crimes Against Businesses
Retail Crime

Author: British Retail Consortium

Title: Retail Crime Survey 2012

Summary: This year’s Retail Crime Survey was completed by 44 retailers, employing 1.4 million staff and between them representing 58 per cent of total retail turnover. This marks the most extensive coverage of the survey since its inception over 10 years ago. Retail crime cost UK retailers £1.6 billion in 2011-12, equivalent to almost 135,000 full-time entry level jobs in retail1. This is a 15.6 per cent increase in the value of crime affecting the retail sector compared with the previous year. This year’s survey showed a rise in incidents of crime across a number of categories including customer theft, employee theft, burglary, criminal damage and fraud. Some categories also recorded a rise in the average value of crime per incident. Despite the increase in the number of incidents and the overall cost of crime, there has been a significant reduction in the number of offences being reported to the police. The sector continued to invest heavily to better protect their businesses against all types of crime and anti-social behaviour. Expenditure on crime and loss prevention rose by 7.1 per cent in 2011-12, with a median expenditure of £750,000 per retailer. The average level of shrinkage as a proportion of sales was estimated at 1.21 per cent, down on 1.55 per cent last year. The key challenges over the next year are to: 1 Continue to tackle the under-reporting of offences so that the true extent and impact of crimes affecting the retail sector is more visible and thus ensure a more effective response to rising crime affecting retailers. 2 Secure more effective local engagement between Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs), police and retailers to ensure that the effective role that retail plays in delivering safe and vibrant communities is better understood and drives the delivery of quantifiable results. 3 Ensure that there is better co-ordination of police activity to identify and detect offences that cross police force borders. This will involve working with the Association of Chief Police Officers as it continues to find more effective ways to measure crimes affecting business. 4 Provide ongoing evidence to highlight the cost and impact of e-crime on the retail sector to support our campaign for an enhanced policing response to e-crime.

Details: London: British Retail Consortium, 2013. 40p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 13, 2013 at: http://www.brc.org.uk/brc_show_document.asp?id=4389&moid=7842

Year: 2013

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.brc.org.uk/brc_show_document.asp?id=4389&moid=7842

Shelf Number: 127609

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Ecrime
Employee Theft
Retail Crime (U.K.)
Workplace Crime

Author: Ponemon Institute LLC

Title: Managing Cyber Security as a Business Risk: Cyber Insurance in the Digital Age

Summary: With the increasing cost and volume of data breaches, cyber security is quickly moving from being considered by business leaders as a purely technical issue to a larger business risk. This shift has spurred increased interest in cyber insurance to mitigate the cost of these issues. In a new study sponsored by Experian® Data Breach Resolution, Ponemon Institute surveyed risk management professionals across multiple sectors that have considered or adopted cyber insurance. Based on responses, many understand that security is a clear and present risk. Indeed a majority of companies now rank cyber security risks as greater than natural disasters and other major business risks.

Details: Ponemon Institute, 2013. 25p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://www.experian.com/innovation/business-resources/ponemon-study-managing-cyber-security-as-business-risk.jsp?ecd_dbres_cyber_insurance_study_ponemon_referral

Year: 2013

Country: International

URL: http://www.experian.com/innovation/business-resources/ponemon-study-managing-cyber-security-as-business-risk.jsp?ecd_dbres_cyber_insurance_study_ponemon_referral

Shelf Number: 129646

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Cyber-Security
Cybercrime (International)
Internet Crime
Risk Management

Author: Javelin Strategy and Research

Title: 2013 LexisNexis True Cost of Fraud Study. Merchants Struggle Against an Onslaught of High-Cost Identity Fraud and Online Fraud

Summary: While the rebounding economy is softening the blow of merchant fraud losses, merchants are still paying $2.79 in costs for each dollar of fraud losses they incur, up $0.10 on the dollar from 2012 (see figure 1). A spike in online fraud is responsible for these higher costs, as fraud through the online channel burdens merchants with higher fees and replacement costs than fraud through in-person or other channels. The surge in online fraud is driven by the proliferation of malware and data breaches, which facilitate the theft and misuse of consumers' payment card, merchant account, and alternative payments account information. Merchants would be wise to focus on customer identity and transaction verification, particularly for online transactions, as online fraud and identity fraud take a greater percent of fraud losses in 2013. Large e-commerce merchants demonstrate exemplary fraud attitudes and behaviors which mitigate the effect of fraud losses on their bottom line. These merchants believe that fraud is inevitable, but understand that their prevention efforts will result in more positive customer relationships (see figure 5). They use a greater number of fraud technology solutions than all merchants (5 solutions vs. 2, on average), and lose a relatively low (and declining) percent of revenue to fraud each year (from .60% in 2012 to .53% in 2013) (see figure 3). International merchants adhere to the same beliefs and behaviors to a lesser degree, though still more than all merchants (see figures 5 and 13). Although they lose more revenue to fraud each year, they reduced this percent even as their domestic-only counterparts saw an increase this year (see figure 17). Mobile merchants saw an increase in fraud as a percent of revenue this year (from .64% in 2012 to .75% in 2013) (see figure 3). While displaying similar attitudes to large e-commerce merchants as to the positive effects of reducing fraud, they are most likely among all segments to view fraud mitigation costs as burdensome (see figure 4).

Details: New York: LexisNexis, 2013. 37p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 7, 2013 at: http://www.lexisnexis.com/risk/downloads/assets/true-cost-fraud-2013.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: International

URL: http://www.lexisnexis.com/risk/downloads/assets/true-cost-fraud-2013.pdf

Shelf Number: 131600

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes
Online Fraud
Online Victimization

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Title: Business, Corruption and Crime in the Western Balkans: The impact of bribery and other crime on private enterprise

Summary: This study offers a comprehensive assessment of corruption as experienced by businesses in the western Balkans, based on interviews with more than 12,700 companies. If not countered by strong preventive and law enforcement action, corruption and crime can act as a barrier to private and foreign investment as well as trade, and hinder economic development. By identifying areas of vulnerability, the study aims to support governments in the region to implement the United Nations Convention against Corruption and work effectively with the private sector to develop and put into action anti-corruption strategies and measures. In order to provide guidance for public interventions and evidence-based policymaking that support the rule of law and fair markets, it is necessary to go beyond perception-based and general indicators of corruption and measure the actual experience of corruption and crime. This survey, which follows UNODC's 2011 survey of bribery and other forms of corruption as experienced by private households in the western Balkans, seeks to provide this tool. Furthermore, building long-term capacity and promoting the sustainability of corruption monitoring instruments was an explicit goal of this undertaking. Quantitative monitoring of corruption and integrity - of the related vulnerabilities but also the successes achieved in fighting corruption - needs to be carried out regularly and consistently so that policy makers have the necessary information to implement and evaluate anti-corruption measures. A broad range of stakeholders in the western Balkans, ranging from anti-corruption agencies, law enforcement and criminal justice institutions to business organizations and chambers of commerce, were consulted during the preparatory phase of the survey. UNODC partnered with National Statistical Offices and other data producers, and involved national anti-corruption agencies, business organizations and others in the design of the survey as well as in the dissemination of the results, thereby helping to strengthen national capacities to produce evidence-based assessments of corruption and crime. The study demonstrates that measuring corruption affecting the business sector is both possible and useful. It is also an excellent example of the work carried out by UNODC to support Member States in areas related to our mandate and expertise. UNODC's Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe (2012-2015) was recently launched at the request of, and in close partnership with, the countries of the region, to provide concrete assistance in addressing the challenges identified and analysed through studies like this one.

Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2013. 79p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 7, 2013 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/corruption/Western_balkans_business_corruption_web.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/corruption/Western_balkans_business_corruption_web.pdf

Shelf Number: 131605

Keywords:
Bribery
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes
Fraud and Corruption (Balkans)

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Statistics and Surveys Section

Title: Business, Corruption and Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The impact of bribery and other crime on private enterprise

Summary: This survey of private businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina reveals that corruption and other forms of crime are a great hindrance to private enterprise and have a negative effect on private investment. A significant percentage of businesses pay bribes to public officials repeatedly over the course of the year. Businesses in the Building and Construction sector are those most affected by bribery, followed by businesses in the Transportation and Storage sector. The public officials with the highest risk of bribery in interactions with businesses are health authorities, police officers, customs officers and judges/prosecutors. While indicators of corruption perceptions are undoubtedly useful for raising awareness, this survey measures the actual experience of corruption and crime through representative sample surveys of businesses in order to provide a more realistic, evidence-based assessment of corruption and crime affecting the business sector. In so doing it focuses on the extent and pattern of bribery by businesses from five different sectors (accounting for 66.8 per cent of all businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina) in their frequent interactions with the public administration. According to the survey, of all the businesses that had contact with a public official in the 12 months prior to the survey 10.4 per cent paid a bribe to a public official. The average prevalence of business bribery in Bosnia and Herzegovina is lower than the share of ordinary citizens (20.7 per cent) who experienced the same in UNODC's 2011 general population survey. The examination of the experience of businesses that pay bribes to public officials underlines the fact that corruption plays a role in the daily business of many companies. Bribe-paying businesses pay an average of 6.6 bribes per year, or about one bribe every eight weeks. The prevalence of bribery is substantially higher among small (10 to 49 employees) businesses than among businesses of other sizes. A substantial share of all the bribes paid to public officials by businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina are paid in cash (46.6 per cent), followed by the provision of food and drink (29 per cent) and the exchange of one "favour" for another (11.4 per cent). When bribes are paid in cash, the mean amount paid per bribe is 318 BAM, or the equivalent of 327 EUR-PPP. As for which party actually broaches the subject of kickbacks, in about 15.8 per cent of all bribery cases the payment of a bribe is offered by a representative of the business without a prior request being made, whereas in around over two thirds (70.2 per cent) of cases payment is either explicitly (26.8 per cent) or implicitly (20.4 per cent) requested by the public official. In a further 23 per cent of cases, bribes are paid after a third-party request. The most common purposes for paying bribes cited by businesses is to "speed up business-related procedures" (29.1 per cent of all bribes), "making the finalization of a procedure possible" (17.4 per cent) and "receiving better treatment" (14.4 per cent). At the same time, 8.6 per cent of bribes paid serve for no specific immediate purpose for the businesses paying them, suggesting that these are "sweeteners" given to public officials to "groom" them for future interactions in the interest of the company. As little as 6.6 per cent of bribes paid by businesses are reported to official authorities, mostly to the police, which suggests that businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina often feel obliged to participate in bribery. This is also reflected in the main reasons cited for not reporting bribery: "pointless to report it as nobody would care" (44.1 per cent), "giving gifts to public officials is common practice" (17.3 per cent) and "lack of knowledge of where to report" (15.5 per cent). Bribery in the private sector not only comprises bribes paid by businesses to public officials, it also takes place between businesses themselves in order to secure business transactions. Though lower than the prevalence of bribery between the private and public sector, at 1.7 per cent the prevalence of business-to-business bribery indicates that the practice does exist in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This type of corruption is not to be confused with normal marketing or public relations activities, in that it specifically aims, through illegal means, to breach the integrity of the bribe-taker in exchange for a bribe. Some 5.5 per cent of business representatives decided not to make a major investment in the 12 months prior to the survey due to the fear of having to pay bribes to obtain requisite services or permits, thus the impact of bribery on business activity can be substantial. The consequences of other more conventional crimes on a business's property and economic activities can also be considerable, both in terms of direct costs stemming from physical damage and indirect costs in the form of insurance premiums, security expenditure and lost investment opportunities. For instance, around 7.1 per cent of businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina fell victim to fraud by outsiders and such businesses were victimized an average of 3 times in that time period. Annual prevalence rates for burglary (5.8 per cent) and vandalism (2.5 per cent) in the private sector are also significant, as are the average number of times businesses affected fall victim to those crimes (1.8 and 1.4, respectively). Moreover, over the past 12 months some 0.7 per cent of all businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina fell victim to extortion, a crime that can be linked to organized criminal groups. In marked contrast to corruption, a larger share of conventional In marked contrast to corruption, a larger share of conventional crimes (on average, 65.1 per cent for five crime types) is reported to the police by businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina. While the majority of business representatives (64.7 per cent) consider that the crime risk for their company has remained stable in comparison to the previous 12 months, more than one in ten (11.5 per cent) think it is on the increase and 15.7 per cent on the decrease. The fear of crime plays a very important role in the decision-making process of business leaders when it comes to making major investments. Although there are some differences by economic sector, on average 8.5 per cent of entrepreneurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina state that they did not make a major investment in the previous 12 months due to the fear of crime. Yet while seven out of ten (70.1 per cent) businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina use at least one protective security system against crime, only slightly more than a quarter (28.2 per cent) have any kind of insurance against the economic cost of crime. Together corruption and other forms of crime place a considerable burden on economic development in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Putting in place more and better targeted measures for protecting businesses against crimes, as well as for preventing corruption (such as effective internal compliance measures and other policies concerning corruption) could make that burden considerably lighter.

Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2013. 78p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 5, 2013 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/corruption/UNODC_BiH_Business_corruption_report_2013.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina

URL: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/corruption/UNODC_BiH_Business_corruption_report_2013.pdf

Shelf Number: 131750

Keywords:
Bribery
Bribes
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes
Public Corruption

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Statistics and Surveys Section

Title: Business, Corruption and Crime in Kosovo: The impact of bribery and other crime on private enterprise

Summary: This survey of private businesses in Kosovo reveals that corruption and other forms of crime are a great hindrance to private enterprise and have a negative effect on private investment. A significant percentage of businesses pay bribes to public officials repeatedly over the course of the year. Businesses in the Manufacturing, Electricity, Gas, and Water supply sector are those most affected by bribery, followed by businesses in the Wholesale trade and Retail trade sector. The public officials with the highest risk of bribery in interactions with businesses are customs officers, officials in the tax/revenue administration and municipal or provincial officers. While indicators of corruption perceptions are undoubtedly useful for raising awareness, this survey measures the actual experience of corruption and crime through representative sample surveys of businesses in order to provide a more realistic, evidence-based assessment of corruption and crime affecting the business sector. In so doing it focuses on the extent and pattern of bribery by businesses from five different sectors (accounting for over 79.7 per cent of all businesses in Kosovo) in their frequent interactions with the public administration. According to the survey, of all the businesses that had contact with a public official in the 12 months prior to the survey 3.2 per cent paid a bribe to a public official. The average prevalence of business bribery in Kosovo is lower than the share of ordinary Kosovar citizens (11.1 per cent) who experienced the same in UNODC's 2011 general population survey. The examination of the experience of businesses that pay bribes to public officials underlines the fact that corruption plays a role in the daily business of many companies. Bribe-paying businesses pay an average of 7.7 bribes per year, or about one bribe almost every seven weeks. The prevalence of bribery is substantially higher among medium and large (over 50 employees) businesses than among businesses of other sizes. A substantial share of all the bribes paid to public officials by businesses in Kosovo are paid in cash (59.2 per cent), followed by the provision of food and drink in exchange for an illicit "favour" by the public official (58.4 per cent) and other goods or advantages (12.1 per cent). When bribes are paid in cash, the mean amount paid per bribe is 844 Euro, or the equivalent of 1,787 EUR-PPP. As for which party actually broaches the subject of kickbacks, in about 38 per cent of all bribery cases the payment of a bribe is offered by a representative of the business without a prior request being made, whereas in around half (50.1 per cent) of cases payment is either explicitly (13.3 per cent) or implicitly (30.3 per cent) requested by the public official. In a further 6.5 per cent of cases, bribes are paid after a third-party request. The most common purposes for paying bribes cited by businesses is to "speed up business-related procedures" (28.4 per cent of all bribes), "receiving better treatment or information" (14.7 per cent) and "making the finalization of a procedure possible" (13.1 per cent). At the same time, almost a quarter (23.9 per cent) of bribes paid serve for no specific immediate purpose for the businesses paying them, suggesting that these are "sweeteners" given to public officials to "groom" them for future interactions in the interest of the company. As little as 3.7 per cent of bribes paid by businesses are reported to official authorities, mostly to the police, which suggests that businesses in Kosovo often feel obliged to participate in bribery. This is also reflected in the main reasons cited for not reporting bribery: "pointless to report it as nobody would care" (28.2 per cent), "fear of reprisal" (19.2 per cent) and "the payment or gift was given as a sign of gratitude" (19.4 per cent). Bribery in the private sector not only comprises bribes paid by businesses to public officials, it also takes place between businesses themselves in order to secure business transactions. Though lower than the prevalence of bribery between the private and public sector, at 0.6 per cent the prevalence of business-to-business bribery indicates that the practice does exist in Kosovo. This type of corruption is not to be confused with normal marketing or public relations activities, in that it specifically aims, through illegal means, to breach the integrity of the bribe-taker in exchange for a bribe. None of the businesses in the survey reported such business-to business bribery incidents to relevant authorities. Some 3.3 per cent of business representatives decided not to make a major investment in the 12 months prior to the survey due to the fear of having to pay bribes to obtain requisite services or permits, thus the impact of bribery on business activity can be substantial. The consequences of other more conventional crimes on a business's property and economic activities can also be considerable, both in terms of direct costs stemming from physical damage and indirect costs in the form of insurance premiums, security expenditure and lost investment opportunities. For instance, around one in ten businesses (10.1 per cent) in Kosovo fall victim to burglary in various different guises in a year and such businesses are victimized an average of 1.9 times in that time period. Annual prevalence rates for fraud (8 per cent) and vandalism (3.2 per cent) in the private sector are also significant, as are the average number of times businesses affected fall victim to those crimes (5.3 and 1.3, respectively). Moreover, over the past 12 months some 0.4 per cent of all businesses in Kosovo fell victim to extortion, a crime that can be linked to organized criminal groups. In marked contrast to corruption, a larger share of conventional crimes (on average, 59.3 per cent for five crime types) is reported to the police by businesses in Kosovo. While the majority of business representatives (70.5 per cent) consider that the crime risk for their company has remained stable in comparison to the previous 12 months, almost one in ten (9.8 per cent) think it is on the increase and 16.2 per cent on the decrease. The fear of crime plays a very important role in the decision-making process of business leaders when it comes to making major investments. Although there are some differences by economic sector, on average 9.1 per cent of entrepreneurs in Kosovo state that they did not make a major investment in the previous 12 months due to the fear of crime. Yet while about four fifths (80.4 per cent) of businesses in Kosovo use at least one protective security system against crime, only one third (33.5 per cent) have any kind of insurance against the economic cost of crime. Together corruption and other forms of crime place a considerable burden on economic development in Kosovo. Putting in place more and better targeted measures for protecting businesses against crimes, as well as for preventing corruption (such as effective internal compliance measures and other policies concerning corruption) could make that burden considerably lighter.

Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2013. 76p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 5, 2013 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/corruption/Kosovo_Business_corruption_report_EN.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Republic of Kosovo

URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/corruption/Kosovo_Business_corruption_report_EN.pdf

Shelf Number: 131751

Keywords:
Bribery
Bribes
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes
Public Corruption

Author: Racovita, Mihaela

Title: Risky Business? Crime and Security Perceptions in the Nepali Private Sector

Summary: The volatile political situation in Nepal was the largest obstacle to business activities in 2012, according to the majority of businesses surveyed as part of a study by the Small Arms Survey's Nepal Armed Violence Assessment (NAVA) project. Direct losses from crime are relatively small compared to the indirect costs of instability. The findings of a survey of 160 businesses working in Nepal's seven major industrial corridors are presented in a new Issue Brief from the Small Arms Survey and the Nepal Armed Violence Assessment, Risky Business? Crime and Security Perceptions in the Nepali Private Sector. Risky Business explores the security perceptions and experiences of Nepali businesses from 2007 to 2012, and investigates major challenges to doing business, types and frequency of crime, actors and instruments of violence, losses experienced, and steps taken to prevent crime. Since 2007, Nepal's war-damaged economy has shown positive signs of growth and renewed investment. At the same time, the volatile political situation and persistent criminal activities continue to take their toll on the business sector. The Small Arms Survey and the Institute for Integrated Development Studies (IIDS) undertook the study to generate knowledge about the challenges faced by the business community, and the extent to which crime affects business in the country's key industrial areas. The survey also found that businesses generally have a positive view of formal security measures, and appreciate police efforts to fight crime. Often businesses take additional measures to deter or prevent crime, such as employing security guards. A number of the businesses surveyed expressed an interest in public-private partnerships on security.

Details: Geneva, SWIT: Small Arms Survey, 2013. 16p.

Source: Internet Resource: Issue Brief No. 3: Accessed March 21, 2014 at: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/G-Issue-briefs/NAVA-IB3-Risky-Business.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Nepal

URL: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/G-Issue-briefs/NAVA-IB3-Risky-Business.pdf

Shelf Number: 104120

Keywords:
Crime Statistics
Crimes Against Businesses
Security

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

Title: Business, Corruption and Crime in Albania: The impact of bribery and other crime on private enterprise

Summary: This survey of private businesses in Albania reveals that corruption and other forms of crime are a great hindrance to private enterprise and have a negative effect on private investment. A significant percentage of businesses pay bribes to public officials repeatedly over the course of the year. Businesses in the Accommodation and Transportation sectors are those most affected by bribery, followed by businesses in the Construction sector. The public officials with the highest risk of bribery in interactions with businesses are police officers, customs officers, tax/revenues officers, municipal or provincial officers and land registry officers. While indicators of corruption perceptions are undoubtedly useful for raising awareness, this survey measures the actual experience of corruption and crime through representative sample surveys of businesses in order to provide a more realistic, evidence-based assessment of corruption and crime affecting the business sector. In so doing it focuses on the extent and pattern of bribery by businesses from five different sectors (accounting for over 83.5 per cent of all businesses in Albania) in their frequent interactions with the public administration. According to the survey, of all the businesses that had contact with a public official in the 12 months prior to the survey 15.7 per cent paid a bribe to a public official. The average prevalence of business bribery in Albania is slightly lower than the share of ordinary citizens (19.3 per cent) who experienced the same in UNODC's 2011 general population survey. The examination of the experience of businesses that pay bribes to public officials underlines the fact that corruption plays a role in the daily business of many companies. Bribe-paying businesses pay an average of 4.6 bribes per year, or about one bribe every eleven weeks. The prevalence of bribery is higher among small (10 to 49 employees) businesses than among businesses of other sizes. Half of all the bribes paid to public officials by businesses in Albania are paid in cash (50 per cent), followed by the giving of food and drink (24.4 per cent) in exchange for an illicit "favour" by the public official and the provision of other goods not produced by the company (22.8 per cent). When bribes are paid in cash, the mean amount paid per bribe is 53,000 Lek, or the equivalent of 904 EUR-PPP. As for which party actually broaches the subject of kickbacks, in 22.7 per cent of all bribery cases the payment of a bribe is offered by a representative of the business without a prior request being made, whereas in almost two thirds (63.6 per cent) of cases payment is either explicitly (17.1 per cent) or implicitly (38.2 per cent) requested by the public official or paid after a third-party request (8.3 per cent). The most common purposes for paying bribes cited by businesses is to "speed up business-related procedures" (39.1 per cent of all bribes), "making the finalization of a procedure possible" (16.8 per cent), "receiving better treatment" (7.2 per cent), "reducing the cost of a procedure" (6.6 per cent) and "receiving information" (2.8 per cent). At the same time, almost one out of seven (13.5 per cent) bribes paid serve no specific immediate purpose for the businesses paying them, suggesting that these are "sweeteners" given to public officials to "groom" them for future interactions in the interest of the company. Only 2.2 per cent of the businesses who paid bribes had reported bribery incidents in the 12 months prior to the survey to official authorities in Albania, which suggests that businesses often feel obliged to participate in bribery. This is also reflected in the main reasons cited for not reporting bribery: "giving gifts to public officials is common practice" (36.2 per cent) and "it is pointless to report it as nobody would care" (23.6 per cent). Bribery in the private sector not only comprises bribes paid by businesses to public officials, it also takes place between businesses themselves in order to secure business transactions. Though lower than the prevalence of bribery between the private and public sector, at 3.7 per cent the prevalence of business-to-business bribery indicates that the practice does exist in Albania. This type of corruption is not to be confused with normal marketing or public relations activities, in that it specifically aims, through illegal means, to breach the integrity of the bribe-taker in exchange for a bribe. Less than 0.1 per cent of bribe-paying bribes in the survey reported such business-to business bribery incidents to relevant authorities. Some 3.3 per cent of business representatives decided not to make a major investment in the 12 months prior to the survey due to the fear of having to pay bribes to obtain requisite services or permits, thus the impact of bribery on business activity can be substantial. The consequences of other more conventional crimes on a business's property and economic activities can also be considerable, both in terms of direct costs stemming from physical damage and indirect costs in the form of insurance premiums, security expenditure and lost investment opportunities. For instance, 5.8 per cent of businesses in Albania fall victim to burglary in a year and such businesses are victimized an average of 1.9 times in that period. The annual prevalence rate for fraud by outsiders (4.8 per cent) in the private sector is also significant, as is the average number of times businesses affected fall victim to this crime (2.8). The prevalence rate of vandalism is 1.6 per cent, with businesses being victimized an average of 1.6 times a year. In addition, the prevalence rate of motor vehicle theft (MVT) is 0.5 per cent of all car owning businesses, with victims suffering an average of 1.6 incidents. Moreover, over the past 12 months 0.5 per cent of all businesses in Albania fell victim to extortion, a crime that can be linked to organized criminal groups. In marked contrast to corruption, a larger share of conventional crimes (on average, 49.3 per cent for five crime types) is reported to the police by businesses in Albania. While the majority of business representatives (67.7 per cent) consider that the crime risk for their company has remained stable in comparison to the previous 12 months, around one in twelve (8.6 per cent) think it is on the increase and 19.5 per cent on the decrease. The fear of crime plays an important role in the decision-making process of business leaders when it comes to making major investments. Although there are some differences by economic sector, on average 4.4 per cent of the entrepreneurs in Albania state that they did not make a major investment in the previous 12 months due to the fear of crime. Yet while about 88.8 per cent of businesses in Albania use at least one protective security system against crime, only 18.5 per cent have any kind of insurance against the economic cost of crime. Together corruption and other forms of crime place a considerable burden on economic development in Albania. Putting in place more and better targeted measures for protecting businesses against crimes, as well as for preventing corruption (such as effective internal compliance measures and other policies concerning corruption) could make that burden considerably lighter.

Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2014. 80p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 6, 2014 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/corruption/Albania_Business_Corruption_2013_EN.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: Albania

URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/corruption/Albania_Business_Corruption_2013_EN.pdf

Shelf Number: 132258

Keywords:
Bribes
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes
Fraud
Motor Vehicle Theft
Public Corruption

Author: Center for Strategic and International Studies

Title: Net Losses: Estimating the Global Cost of Cybercrime. Economic Impact of Cybercrime II

Summary: Putting a number on the cost of cybercrime and cyber-espionage is the headline, but the dollar figure begs important questions about the damage to the victims from the cumulative effect of losses in cyberspace. The cost of cybercrime includes the effect of hundreds of millions of people having their personal information stolen-incidents in the last year include more than 40 million people in the US, 54 million in Turkey, 20 million in Korea, 16 million in Germany, and more than 20 million in China. One estimate puts the total at more than 800 million individual records in 2013. This alone could cost as much as $160 billion per year. Criminals still have difficulty turning stolen data into financial gain, but the constant stream of news contributes to a growing sense that cybercrime is out of control. For developed countries, cybercrime has serious implications for employment. The effect of cybercrime is to shift employment away from jobs that create the most value. Even small changes in GDP can affect employment. In the United States alone, studies of how employment varies with export growth suggest that the losses from cybercrime could cost as many as 200,000 American jobs, roughly a third of 1% decrease in employment for the US. Using European Union data, which found that 16.7 workers were employed per million Euros in exports to the rest of the world,6 Europe could lose as many as 150,000 jobs due to cybercrime (adjusting for national differences in IP-intensive jobs), or about 0.6% of the total unemployed. These are not always a "net" loss if workers displaced by cyberespionage find other jobs, but if these jobs do not pay as well or better. If lost jobs are in manufacturing (and "the main engine for job creation") or other high-paying sectors, the effect of cybercrime is to shift workers from high-paying to low-paying jobs or unemployment. While translating cybercrime losses directly into job losses is not easy, the employment effect cannot be ignored. The most important cost of cybercrime, however, comes from its damage to company performance and to national economies. Cybercrime damages trade, competitiveness, innovation, and global economic growth. What cybercrime means for the world is: - The cost of cybercrime will continue to increase as more business functions move online and as more companies and consumers around the world connect to the Internet. - Losses from the theft of intellectual property will also increase as acquiring countries improve their ability to make use of it to manufacture competing goods. - Cybercrime is a tax on innovation and slows the pace of global innovation by reducing the rate of return to innovators and investors. - Governments need to begin serious, systematic effort to collect and publish data on cybercrime to help countries and companies make better choices about risk and policy.

Details: Santa Clara, CA: Intel Security, McAffee, 2016. 24p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 18, 2014 at: http://www.mcafee.com/hk/resources/reports/rp-economic-impact-cybercrime2.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: International

URL: http://www.mcafee.com/hk/resources/reports/rp-economic-impact-cybercrime2.pdf

Shelf Number: 132501

Keywords:
Computer Crime
Costs of Crime
Crimes Against Businesses
Cybercrime
Economics of Crime
Employment
Espionage
Jobs

Author: EPS Consulting

Title: Tackling the Black Market and Retail Crime

Summary: Retail Ireland, in August 2012, published a major new report 'Tackling the Black Market and Retail Crime', which says the Exchequer is losing L861 million annually because of illegal black market activity and retail theft. The group said the recession had led to an increase in retail crime, including shoplifting, fuel smuggling and the sale of smuggled cigarettes, and called for a zero tolerance approach from the Gardai and courts. Key facts in the report include: - At least 12% of all diesel sold in Ireland is illegal. Since 2010, 19 oil laundries have been detected and closed, and 690,000 litres of oil seized - Figures on the size of the illegal tobacco market range from L250m upwards. - Attempts to import counterfeit goods increased by a quarter to 1277 from 2009 to 2010; 66853 counterfeit articles were intercepted in 2010 - Industry estimates that 770,000 individuals in Ireland have down-loaded music/films illegally, costing the industry and Exchequer millions - Ireland ranks 11th out of 22 countries in Europe for shop-lifting, with employee theft accounting for one-third, the highest rate in Europe

Details: Dublin: Retail Ireland, 2012. 25p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 14, 2014 at: http://www.ibec.ie/IBEC/Press/PressPublicationsdoclib3.nsf/vPages/Newsroom~black-market-costing-exchequer-E861-million-annually-20-08-2012/$file/Retail+Ireland+-+Tackling+the+Black+Market+and+retail+Crime.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: Ireland

URL: http://www.ibec.ie/IBEC/Press/PressPublicationsdoclib3.nsf/vPages/Newsroom~black-market-costing-exchequer-E861-million-annually-20-08-2012/$file/Retail+Ireland+-+Tackling+the+Black+Market+and+retail+Crime.pdf

Shelf Number: 133058

Keywords:
Counterfeit Goods
Crimes Against Businesses
Employee Theft
Illegal Goods
Retail Crime
Shoplifting

Author: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners

Title: Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse: 2014 Global Fraud Study

Summary: Summary of Findings -Survey participants estimated that the typical organization loses 5% of revenues each year to fraud. If applied to the 2013 estimated Gross World Product, this translates to a potential projected global fraud loss of nearly $3.7 trillion. -The median loss caused by the frauds in our study was $145,000. Additionally, 22% of the cases involved losses of at least $1 million. -The median duration - the amount of time from when the fraud commenced until it was detected - for the fraud cases reported to us was 18 months. -Occupational frauds can be classified into three primary categories: asset misappropriations, corruption and financial statement fraud. Of these, asset misappropriations are the most common, occurring in 85% of the cases in our study, as well as the least costly, causing a median loss of $130,000. In contrast, only 9% of cases involved financial statement fraud, but those cases had the greatest financial impact, with a median loss of $1 million. Corruption schemes fell in the middle in terms of both frequency (37% of cases) and median loss ($200,000). -Many cases involve more than one category of occupational fraud. Approximately 30% of the schemes in our study included two or more of the three primary forms of occupational fraud. -Tips are consistently and by far the most common detection method. Over 40% of all cases were detected by a tip - more than twice the rate of any other detection method. Employees accounted for nearly half of all tips that led to the discovery of fraud. -Organizations with hotlines were much more likely to catch fraud by a tip, which our data shows is the most effective way to detect fraud. These organizations also experienced frauds that were 41% less costly, and they detected frauds 50% more quickly. -The smallest organizations tend to suffer disproportionately large losses due to occupational fraud. Additionally, the specific fraud risks faced by small businesses differ from those faced by larger organizations, with certain categories of fraud being much more prominent at small entities than at their larger counterparts. -The banking and financial services, government and public administration, and manufacturing industries continue to have the greatest number of cases reported in our research, while the mining, real estate, and oil and gas industries had the largest reported median losses. -The presence of anti-fraud controls is associated with reduced fraud losses and shorter fraud duration. Fraud schemes that occurred at victim organizations that had implemented any of several common anti-fraud controls were significantly less costly and were detected much more quickly than frauds at organizations lacking these controls. -The higher the perpetrator's level of authority, the greater fraud losses tend to be. Owners/executives only accounted for 19% of all cases, but they caused a median loss of $500,000. Employees, conversely, committed 42% of occupational frauds but only caused a median loss of $75,000. Managers ranked in the middle, committing 36% of frauds with a median loss of $130,000. -Collusion helps employees evade independent checks and other anti-fraud controls, enabling them to steal larger amounts. The median loss in a fraud committed by a single person was $80,000, but as the number of perpetrators increased, losses rose dramatically. In cases with two perpetrators the median loss was $200,000, for three perpetrators it was $355,000 and when four or more perpetrators were involved the median loss exceeded $500,000. -Approximately 77% of the frauds in our study were committed by individuals working in one of seven departments: accounting, operations, sales, executive/upper management, customer service, purchasing and finance. -It takes time and effort to recover the money stolen by perpetrators, and many organizations are never able to fully do so. At the time of our survey, 58% of the victim organizations had not recovered any of their losses due to fraud, and only 14% had made a full recovery.

Details: Austin, TX: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, 2014. 80p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2014 at: http://www.acfe.com/rttn/docs/2014-report-to-nations.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: International

URL: http://www.acfe.com/rttn/docs/2014-report-to-nations.pdf

Shelf Number: 133182

Keywords:
Costs of Crime
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes
Occupational Fraud
White Collar Crimes

Author: FreightWatch International

Title: 2013 Global Cargo Theft Threat Assessment

Summary: Global cargo theft risks as shown on the above map vary greatly from country to country. Even within individual countries, risks can vary from region to region. On a country-by-country basis, cargo theft threats, as most other criminal activity, are typically rooted in social, economic and cultural conditions. The prevention of cargo theft on a global scale requires intimate knowledge of incident trends on a regional basis, as security programs and mitigation techniques do not always transfer successfully from region to region. Organizations must diligently gather intelligence and adapt their anti-theft programs to address local threats. The purpose of this report is to outline the risk of cargo theft on a global level, highlighting significant countries in the global supply chain in order to assist industry decision-makers in determining their supply chain security needs. According to data collected by FreightWatch International from numerous sources across the globe, including but not limited to FreightWatch International's own databases, its customers, law enforcement agencies, industry organizations, insurance industry sources and news reports, Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, the United States and Russia are the countries most at risk for cargo theft globally. Unless otherwise noted in this assessment report, when specific theft statistics are noted in this assessment report those statistics are derived from FreightWatch International's own data based on cargo security services provided by FreightWatch International to its customers. As such, total theft figures for a particular country or region are likely higher than stated. Please note that this assessment report expresses the opinions of FreightWatch International based on the specific data reviewed. Global cargo theft circumstances and risks can and do change, sometimes frequently and/or quickly, and in ways that may make the facts and opinions expressed in this assessment report no longer complete or valid. As such, the extent to which you rely on the facts and opinions expressed in this assessment should be made entirely by you, in your sole discretion, only after careful analysis of all relevant facts applicable to your business.

Details: Austin, TX: FreightWatch International, 2013. 70p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2014 at: http://www.freightwatchintl.com/sites/default/files/attachments/FreightWatch%202013%20Global%20Cargo%20Theft%20Threat%20Assesment%20Full_0.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: International

URL: http://www.freightwatchintl.com/sites/default/files/attachments/FreightWatch%202013%20Global%20Cargo%20Theft%20Threat%20Assesment%20Full_0.pdf

Shelf Number: 133313

Keywords:
Cargo Theft
Crimes Against Businesses
Freight Industry
Stolen Property

Author: Oxford Economics

Title: Cyber-attacks: Effects on UK Companies

Summary: Gary Becker's seminal 1968 paper on the economics of crime shaped the way economists think about crime policy and is still applied in many contexts today. Becker explored the decision making function of rational criminal actors, suggesting that criminals choose to engage in illicit activity based on their own assessment of the costs and benefits. Rational criminal actors weigh up the potential yield from a criminal act, the risk of being caught and the severity of the punishment. The decision making process of state-sponsored cyber-attacks differs from that of ordinary criminals in important ways, which may potentially limit the direct applicability of the traditional economic models of crime such as Becker's. State-sponsored attackers are characterised by the very fact that a "non-profit" state entity is involved (as opposed to Becker's individual "for profit" criminals), potential information asymmetry, a perception of immunity from prosecution and the intangible value attributed to acts of patriotism (which does not figure in traditional economic approaches to crime, such as Becker's). At the same time, there is value in understanding the economic theory of crime, as advanced by Becker. States are unlikely to change their activities in the short term, particularly because of non-pecuniary/distorted concepts of returns. However they may do so in the long term, especially if deterred by adequate security measures and changes in operational procedures, (i.e. if the costs of cyber-attacks rise) and as they realise that the returns to cyber-attacks may be mixed at best . This again points to a need for firms to understand the nature of - and threat posed by - current attacks, so as to raise the costs of cyber-attacks for nation-state perpetrators in order to help deter future attacks. Apart from the implications for individual firms, cyber-attacks impact on the UK economy as a whole in two major ways: - Increasing the cost of doing business - Distorting the pattern of long run investment ("dynamic effects") Survey work on the nature of cyber-attacks in the UK undertaken by Oxford Economics and the Ponemon Institute found the following: - Cyber-attacks are a common problem. 60% of respondents had experienced a cyber-attack within the last 12 months. - Loss estimates were highest for damage to reputation/branding. All other costs were reported with raw averages around the $2 million mark, with adjusted means slightly under half that and medians of $175,000. However, the raw average reputation/branding loss estimate was $2.9 million. - Intellectual property and commercially sensitive data is stolen in all sectors, but by no means happens to everyone. With this in mind it is interesting to note that 80% of respondents reported that they had not experienced any IP or commercially sensitive information loss in the last 24 months. - The majority of firms who did suffer a loss of IP or commercially sensitive information felt they were damaged by it. 61% said that they had experienced a loss of competitive advantage due to the loss of IP. 59% said that they had experienced a loss of competitive advantage due to the loss of commercially sensitive information. - The most common loss of competitive advantage came in the shape of "compromised negotiations or business ventures" (31%), followed by the "appearance of copied products or practise" (20%) and the "emergence of new competition" (19%). - While only a minority of companies suffer IP/commercially sensitive information losses, the cost of such losses is considerably higher than is the case for "day to day" losses. The adjusted mean loss of IP was valued at $13.2 million and the adjusted mean loss of commercially sensitive business information was valued at $12.8 million. In addition to the survey of UK firms, which identifies the direct costs incurred as a result of cyber-attacks, Oxford Economics has undertaken an event study to analyse the potential reputational loss firms may suffer. As a proxy for reputational damage we use negative stock market returns that may be experienced immediately around the public disclosure of a cyber-attack. Although further confirmatory analysis would be useful, our results suggest that publicised cyber-attacks do generally have impacts on stock market valuations and, by extension, upon corporate reputations. If this is the case, it means that the investment companies make in IT security to prevent these attacks may maintain shareholder value for these companies.

Details: Oxford, UK: Oxford Economics, 2014. 79p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2014 at: http://www.cpni.gov.uk/documents/publications/2014/oxford-economics-cyber-effects-uk-companies.pdf?epslanguage=en-gb

Year: 2014

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.cpni.gov.uk/documents/publications/2014/oxford-economics-cyber-effects-uk-companies.pdf?epslanguage=en-gb

Shelf Number: 133418

Keywords:
Commercial Crimes
Computer Crimes
Costs of Crime
Crimes Against Businesses
Cyber Security
Cybercrime (U.K.)
Economic Analysis
Economic Crimes

Author: KPMG

Title: Global profiles of the fraudster: White-collar crime -- present and future

Summary: Fraud specialists have long debated whether it is possible to develop a profile of a fraudster that is accurate enough to enable organizations to catch people in the act of fraud or even beforehand. The prediction of a crime before it occurs is, at least for now, the subject of science fiction. But an analysis of the constantly changing nature of fraud and the fraudster can help organizations stiffen their defenses against these criminal activities. Forewarned is forearmed. Global profiles of the fraudster contains KPMG International's analysis of 596 fraudsters member firms investigated between 2011 and 2013 with insights into the relationship between the attributes of fraudsters, their motivations and the environments in which they flourish. KPMG International gathered data from fraud investigations conducted by KPMG member firms' forensic specialists in Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMA), the Americas, and Asia-Pacific regions between August 2011 and February 2013. The survey examined 'white-collar' crime investigations conducted across the three regions where we were able to identify the perpetrator and could provide detailed contextual information on the crime. We have developed a series of themes in order to understand the changing relationship among the fraudster, his/her environment and the frauds committed. And after taking into account the insights of our investigation leaders around the world, we conclude that the type of fraud and the type of fraudster are continually changing.

Details: Zurich, SWIT: KPMG, 2013. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 6, 2014 at: http://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/global-profiles-of-the-fraudster/Documents/global-profiles-of-the-fraudster-v2.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: International

URL: http://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/global-profiles-of-the-fraudster/Documents/global-profiles-of-the-fraudster-v2.pdf

Shelf Number: 133560

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes
Fraud
White-Collar Crime
White-Collar Offenses

Author: Ponemon Institute

Title: The Impact of Cybercrime on Business. Studies of IT practitioners in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Hong Kong and Brazil

Summary: Cyber criminals today are increasingly leveraging malware, bots and other forms of sophisticated threats to attack organizations for various reasons, including financial gain, business disruption or political agendas. In many cases, cybercriminals often target multiple sites and organizations to increase the likelihood of an attack's initial success and viral spread. With new variants of malware being generated on a daily basis, many companies struggle to fight these threats separately and the majority of attacks are often left undetected or unreported. In addition, cybercriminals are no longer isolated amateurs. They belong to well-structured organizations with money, motivation and goals, often employing highly skilled hackers that execute targeted attacks. Such organizations can deploy considerable threat intelligence, time and resources in order to execute attacks that can cost cybercrime victims significant amounts of money. Unfortunately, this trend is only growing more complex as businesses experience a surge in Web 2.0 use, mobile computing and the cloud, creating more channels of communication and vulnerable entry points into the network. Conducted by Ponemon Institute and sponsored by Check Point Software Technologies, we are pleased to present the findings of The Impact of Cybercrime on Business. The purpose of the study is to better understand the likelihood, frequency and magnitude targeted threats have on organizations across all company sizes and industries, and to understand how IT practitioners are addressing the risk for future remediation and precautions. In this study we surveyed 2,618 highly experienced business leaders and IT security practitioners located in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Hong Kong and Brazil. Respondents were asked to focus on five of the most prevalent types of attacks: botnets, Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), denial of service (DoS) attacks, viruses, worms and trojans and social engineering attacks to evaluate what impact they have on businesses, including their level of risk, motivations, types of information compromised and cost. As the study will show, there are significant differences in practices and perceptions among IT practitioners in all five countries.

Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2012. 21p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 12, 2014 at: http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/file/Impact_of_Cybercrime_on_Business_FINAL.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: International

URL: http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/file/Impact_of_Cybercrime_on_Business_FINAL.pdf

Shelf Number: 134061

Keywords:
Computer Crimes
Crimes Against Businesses
Cybercrime
Cybersecurity
Internet Crimes

Author: Macdonald, Wayne

Title: Understanding fraud: the nature of fraud offences recorded by NSW Police

Summary: Aim: 1) To provide an understanding of the nature of fraud incidents recorded by NSW Police. 2) To find out which fraud types are contributing to the increase in recorded fraud. Method: This study involved the review of 1,000 narrative descriptions of fraud incidents reported to or detected by NSW Police. Where possible we gathered information about the type of fraudulent behaviour, modus operandi, cost and whether a suspect was apprehended. Half the fraud events sampled occurred in the 12 months to September 2009 and half in the 12 months to September 2013. Results: The most common types of fraud reported to police were card fraud (35% of incidents), fuel drive-offs (30%), identity theft (5%), embezzlement (4%) and cheque fraud (3%). Increases in card fraud and fuel drive offs appear to account for the bulk of the increase in fraud over the past five years. Incident costs recorded by police suggest that in 2013 incidents of fraud recorded by police cost more than $200 million. The average cost of fraud by incident type ranged from just $62 per incident for fuel drive-offs to more than $35,000 per incident for embezzlement. Conclusion: Fraud is a growing problem and will likely continue to rise with new technologies and payment options. This study found that the fraud types with the highest recorded prevalence are quite different to those which have the greatest overall cost implication.

Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2014.

Source: Internet Resource: Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice, no. 180: Accessed February 26, 2015 at: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/bocsar/m716854l2/cjb180.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/bocsar/m716854l2/cjb180.pdf

Shelf Number: 134677

Keywords:
Costs of Crime
Credit Card Fraud
Crimes Against Businesses
Embezzlement
Financial Crimes
Fraud (Australia)
Identity Theft
White Collar Crime

Author: British Retail Consortium

Title: BRC Retail Crime Survey 2014

Summary: The Annual BRC Retail Crime Survey provides valuable evidence about the impact of crime on UK retailers. A broad range of retailers participate in the survey, from large multiples to smaller retailers, representing around half of the retail sector by turnover. Key findings - There were an estimated 3m offences against UK retailers in 2013-14, directly adding $603m to retailers' costs. - Although the volume of shop theft offences declined by 4 per cent, the average value of each incident increased from $177 to $241, which was the highest average value recorded for a decade. This trend is thought to be in part a consequence of retailers being targeted by more organised, sophisticated criminal activity. - Fraud increased by 12 per cent in 2013-14 and accounts for 37 per cent of the total cost of retail crime. Retailers warned that they expect fraud to pose the single most significant threat to their business over the next two years. - Retailers reported that cyber attacks pose a critical threat to their business. - There were 32 incidents of violence and abuse per 1,000 employees in 2013-14.

Details: London: BRC, 2015. 36p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2015 at: http://www.sbrcentre.co.uk/images/site_images/14591_BRC_Retail_Crime_Survey_2014.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.sbrcentre.co.uk/images/site_images/14591_BRC_Retail_Crime_Survey_2014.pdf

Shelf Number: 134909

Keywords:
Crime Statistics
Crimes Against Businesses
Cybercrime
Retail Crime (U.K.)
Theft

Author: Australia. Attorney-General's Department

Title: Improving the Measurement of Identity Crime and Misuse in Australia: Recommendations from the National Identity Crime and Misuse Measurement Framework Project

Summary: Traditional identity crime methodologies are continually being adapted to evolving technologies such as mobile devices, social media and cloud computing. This provides criminals with improved capabilities and opportunities to steal or manipulate personal and financial data, and can increase the number of potential victims of identity crime. On 21 October 2014, the Minister for Justice, the Hon Michael Keenan MP, released a report from the National Identity Crime and Misuse Measurement Framework pilot. The report was developed by the Attorney-General's Department and brought together available data from over 50 different Commonwealth, state and territory agencies as well as the private sector. The report found that identity crime is one of the most common crime types in Australia, affecting between 750 000 to 900 000 people each year, with an estimated annual cost of at least $1.6 billion. This project marks one of the first attempts by any government worldwide to systematically measure the incidents and impacts of identity crime. Identity crime has become one of the fastest growing and most common crimes affecting Australians each year - more people report being a victim of identity crime than assault, robbery, motor vehicle theft or household break-ins. In addition to the key findings of the project, a companion report has been developed containing recommendations for improving the quality and availability of data for measuring identity crime. These recommendations are primarily focussed on the systems of government agencies - reflecting the scope of the initial pilot exercise - but also recognise the need to further engage the private sector as a critical source of information and insights into the nature of identity crime and its impacts. The National Identity Crime and Misuse Measurement Framework report includes the results of community survey on identity crime that was commissioned by the Attorney-General's Department. This survey was conducted by the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) in 2013 and found that 9.4 per cent of 5000 respondents reported having their personal information stolen or misused in the previous 12 months, with 21 per cent reporting they were a victim at some point in their life. Of those reporting misuse in the previous 12 months, five per cent lost money as a result, at an average of just over $4000 per incident. As incidents may be underreported, the true extent of identity crime victimisation is likely to be much higher.

Details: Barton, ACT: Attorney-General's Department, 2014. 23p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2015 at: http://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/IdentitySecurity/Documents/ImprovingMeasurementIdentityCrimeAndMisuseInAustralia.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/IdentitySecurity/Documents/ImprovingMeasurementIdentityCrimeAndMisuseInAustralia.pdf

Shelf Number: 135441

Keywords:
Computer Crimes
Crime Statistics
Crimes Against Businesses
Cybercrime
Identity Theft

Author: Australia. Attorney-General's Department

Title: Identity crime and misuse in Australia: Key findings from the National Identity Crime and Misuse Measurement Framework Pilot

Summary: Efforts to combat identity crime require a reliable evidence base that quantifies the complete nature and extent of the problem. In Australia and also internationally, there are limited sources of comprehensive, reliable data about identity crime and its consequences. To address this gap in knowledge, the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) agreed in 2012 that work should be undertaken to develop a national measurement framework for identity crime to better inform efforts to implement the National Identity Security Strategy (NISS). This report presents the key findings from a pilot data collection exercise that was undertaken as part of the project established to develop this measurement framework. Key finding: Each year around 4 to 5% of Australians (around 750,000 to 937,000 people) experience identity crime resulting in a financial loss. However, the true extent of identity crime is likely to be unknown, as a considerable proportion of incidents go unreported. The Australian Institute of Criminology conducted a 5,000-person online community survey (the AIC Survey) in 2013 as part of this pilot. They found that 9.4 percent of respondents reported having their personal information stolen or misused in the previous 12 months, with five percent reporting that they suffered financial losses as a result (Smith & Hutchings 2014). Identity crime is likely under-reported by both individual victims and organisations. For example, recent research has shown that only 50 percent of credit card fraud victims and 66 percent of identity theft victims reported the incident to a formal institution, such as law enforcement or a financial institution (ABS 2012). Key finding: Compared with other personal and theft-related crimes (i.e. assault, robbery, break-ins and motor vehicle theft), identity crime is one of the most prevalent crime types affecting Australians each year. Key finding: The price of fraudulent identity credentials suggests they are relatively cheap and easy to obtain. This is reflected in the variety of ways that these credentials are used to commit identity fraud. Information on data breaches (many of which go unreported) also suggests that the personal information needed to create fraudulent identity documents is also available to those willing to seek it out. Key finding: State and territory police detect up to an estimated 30,000 identity crimes each year, with around 24,000 offences proven guilty in a court of law. As identity crimes are often recorded under other related offences such as fraud, the actual number of identity crimes is likely much higher. Key finding: The majority of identity victims lose relatively small amounts of money (up to $1,000), although in some cases losses can run to hundreds of thousands of dollars. A significant proportion of victims also experience demands on their time or other adverse impacts to their mental or physical health, reputations or general wellbeing. Key finding: Only a small proportion of victims of identity crime report the incident to relevant organisations. Court-issued victims' certificates appear significantly underutilised as a mechanism to assist victims in recovering from the consequences of identity crime. Key finding: There are an increasing number of identity credentials that can be verified through the Document Verification Service (DVS), as well as a growing demand for the service amongst government and private sector organisations. Key finding: The estimated economic impact of identity crime in Australia is likely to exceed $1.6 billion per year. In light of the limited data available and the underreporting of identity crime, by both individuals and organisations, this is likely to be a conservative estimate. Key finding: Aside from underreporting, the single biggest limitation on efforts to measure identity crime is the lack of standardisation between organisations over definitions and how incidents are recorded.

Details: Barton, ACT: Attorney-General's Department, 2014. 92p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2015 at: http://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/IdentitySecurity/Documents/IdentityCrimeAndMisuseInAustralia.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/IdentitySecurity/Documents/IdentityCrimeAndMisuseInAustralia.pdf

Shelf Number: 135442

Keywords:
Computer Crimes
Credit Card Fraut
Crime Statistics
Crimes Against Businesses
Cybercrime
Financial crimes
Identity Theft

Author: International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

Title: Roles and Responsibilities of Intermediaries: Fighting Counterfeiting and Piracy in the Supply Chain

Summary: Millions of intermediaries are operating throughout the global supply chain and the vast majority of these players are conscientious, trustworthy and reliable partners. ICC's own membership includes millions of companies: many are brand and copyright owners; many are intermediaries; and others have no direct interest or link to the topics covered in this paper. So while this paper does not and cannot reflect the views of all ICC members, nor is it a consensus of the global business community, it has undertaken to ensure accuracy, balance and consistency with ICC's long-standing opposition to counterfeiting and piracy, intellectual property rights infringement, unfair trade, illegal commerce and corruption. For the most part, this body of work substantiates actions intermediaries are already taking independently or in collaboration with rights holders and government authorities to deal with supply chain vulnerabilities. Where these current efforts have been inadequate in protecting against IP infringements, suggestions for better or best practices are put forward. The result is a product that challenges the status quo and offers a roadmap for discussion, collaboration and resolution. We offer the findings and suggested best practices as a springboard for an ongoing dialog among trademark and copyright owners, intermediaries and governments to find solutions to the infiltration of counterfeiting and piracy into the legitimate supply chain. Our hope is that the suggested best practices will help responsible intermediaries more effectively deal with vulnerabilities in their operations and encourage intermediaries who knowingly facilitate IP infringement to stop.

Details: Paris: ICC and BASCAP, 2015. 108p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 16, 2015 at: http://www.gacg.org/Content/Upload/Documents/2015%20BASCAP%20Intermediares_HR%20(1)%20(1).pdf

Year: 2015

Country: International

URL: http://www.gacg.org/Content/Upload/Documents/2015%20BASCAP%20Intermediares_HR%20(1)%20(1).pdf

Shelf Number: 137197

Keywords:
Counterfeit Goods
Counterfeit Products
Crimes Against Businesses
Product Counterfeiting
Product Piracy
Supply Chains

Author: Warren, Rob

Title: Insight into awareness and impact of the Bribery Act 2010

Summary: The Ministry of Justice (MOJ) and Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) commissioned a survey of 500 small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs); 95% of these were exporting goods. The purpose of the survey was to find: -the awareness of the Bribery Act 2010 among SMEs that export, or plan to export goods and/or services -their use of guidance and advice on bribery prevention procedures (including who supplied the advice and how much it cost) -the extent to which SMEs had put in place anti-bribery procedures and how much they cost -how the Act had affected their exports and operational behaviour overseas -any specific concerns or problems they had experienced as a result of the Act or MoJ guidance

Details: London: HM Government, 2015. 69p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 16, 2015 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/440661/insight-into-awareness-and-impact-of-the-bribery-act-2010.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/440661/insight-into-awareness-and-impact-of-the-bribery-act-2010.pdf

Shelf Number: 137305

Keywords:
Bribery
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes

Author: Savona, Ernesto U.

Title: Organized Crime Infiltration of Legitimate Businesses in Europe: A Pilot Project in Five European Countries. Final report on Project Ariel

Summary: This research is an exploratory study on the infiltration of organised crime groups (OCGs) in legal businesses. Infiltration occurs in every case in which a natural person belonging to a criminal organisation or acting on its behalf, or an already infiltrated legal person, invests financial and/or human resources to participate in the decision-making process of a legitimate business. The main output of the research is a list of risk factors of OCG infiltration in legal businesses, i.e. factors that facilitate or promote infiltration. Risk factors are derived from an unprecedented cross-national comparative analysis of the vulnerabilities of territories and business sectors, criminal groups' modi operandi, and the characteristics of infiltrated businesses. Infiltration risk factors provide inputs for the development of a risk assessment model of OCG infiltration. Its development will assist Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in identifying the factors facilitating and/or promoting infiltration and enhancing the prevention and enforcement of criminal infiltration. This will help protect EU MS legitimate economies from the misuse of legal businesses for illicit purposes. Project ARIEL - Assessing the Risk of the Infiltration of Organised Crime in EU MSs Legitimate Economies: a Pilot Project in 5 EU Countries (www.arielproject.eu) - was carried out with the financial support of the European Commission, DG Home Affairs, within the Prevention of and Fight against Crime (ISEC) Programme. It focused on five EU MS: Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, and United Kingdom.

Details: Trento: Transcrime -- Universita degli Studi di Trento, 2015. 135p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 29, 2016 at: http://www.transcrime.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Project-ARIEL_Final-report.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.transcrime.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Project-ARIEL_Final-report.pdf

Shelf Number: 137990

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Organized Crime
Terrorists

Author: Kroll

Title: The Year of Global Expansion and Enforcement: 2016 Anti-Bribery and Corruption Benchmarking Report

Summary: Kroll, the global leader in risk mitigation and response solutions, today released its 2016 Anti-Bribery and Corruption Report ("ABC Report"), produced in conjunction with the Ethisphere Institute. As reflected in the ABC Report, 40 percent of all compliance officers surveyed believe their company's bribery and corruption risks will increase in 2016. These senior-level ethics and compliance professionals cited two primary factors as contributing to these increased risks: global expansion and an ever-increasing number of third party business relationships. One in four of those surveyed expressed no confidence in the ability of their company's current controls to detect third party violations of anti-corruption laws. This percentage - 25 percent - is an alarmingly high figure given the increasing number of third party relationships involved in business activities, as well as the large percentage of enforcement actions rooted in payments facilitated through third parties. On a positive note, the degree of board and senior executive engagement regarding anti-bribery and corruption matters is increasing, with over half of respondents stating that their board of directors plays an active role in programme development, and 48 percent saying the same of their CEO. The ABC Report data reveals that companies with engaged leadership teams are more likely to believe their bribery and corruption risks will remain the same or decrease in the coming year, and they display more confidence in their ability to handle risk. The ABC Report also includes the following findings: - 54% of respondents felt their business was not appropriately prepared to comply with global bribery and corruption risks - 47% felt they did not have enough resources to support their organization's anti-corruption efforts - Only 19% felt highly confident in their controls to detect third party violations of anti-corruption laws - 29% of respondents indicated that they are more concerned with personal liability than in prior years - 47% described their company's leadership as highly engaged in anti-bribery and corruption efforts - 86% identified the Chief Financial Officer and 66% identified the Chief Compliance Officer as the internal stakeholders primarily responsible for driving programme development - 48% of respondents do not conduct third party audits, and only 34% say they are providing training to third parties.

Details: New York: Kroll, Inc., 2016. 35p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2016 at: http://info.kroll.com/2016-abc-report

Year: 2016

Country: International

URL: http://info.kroll.com/2016-abc-report.

Shelf Number: 138144

Keywords:
Bribes
Corruption and Fraud
Crimes Against Businesses

Author: Jorna, Penny

Title: Fraud within the Commonwealth: A census of the most costly incidents, 2010-11 to 2012-13

Summary: Fraud against the Commonwealth is defined as 'dishonestly obtaining a benefit or causing a loss, by deception or other means'. This definition is set out in the current Commonwealth Resource Management Guide (no. 201) Preventing, detecting and dealing with fraud, issued by the Australian Government Minister for Justice (2014). This form of fraud may be committed by individuals who do not work for government bodies, such as those who dishonestly claim benefits or some other financial advantage (external fraud), or by those employed by entities including staff and contractors (internal fraud). Fraud may also involve collaboration between internal and external parties. This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the nature of internal fraud against the Commonwealth, and the personal background details of those alleged to have committed the deception. It reports on the results of an annual census of Commonwealth entities which collected information on the single 'most costly' incident of internal fraud that they experienced in 2010-11 to 2012-13. During these years, 137 Commonwealth entities reported 7,809 incidents of internal fraud. Of these, 125 chose one incident each year that they considered their most costly internal fraud. Information was provided on how and why fraud was committed, estimated financial losses involved, the personal circumstances of the principal alleged perpetrators, and how the incidents were dealt with in terms of investigation, prosecution and judicial outcomes. Most incidents involved non-corporate Commonwealth entities (formerly governed under the Financial Management and Accountability Act 1997 (Cth) see Table 1). Entities with more than 1,000 staff contributed more incidents for this study than smaller bodies.

Details: Sydney: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2016. 15p.

Source: Internet Resource: Research in Practice No. 41: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rip/rip41/rip41.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Australia

URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rip/rip41/rip41.pdf

Shelf Number: 138318

Keywords:
Crimes against Businesses
Economic Crimes
Financial Crimes
Fraud and Corruption

Author: Kroll

Title: Global Fraud Report: Vulnerabilities on the Rise. Annual Edition 2015/16

Summary: 768 senior executives from a broad range of industries worldwide were polled this year-and the results yielded some surprising insights. The overall picture is that fraud has continued to increase, leaving businesses feeling more vulnerable and at risk than ever before.

Details: New York: Kroll, Inc., 2015. 85p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 7, 2016 at: http://www.kroll.com/global-fraud-report

Year: 2015

Country: International

URL: http://www.kroll.com/global-fraud-report

Shelf Number: 138599

Keywords:
Consumer Fraud
Crimes Against Businesses
Fraud and Corruption

Author: Ponemon Institute

Title: 2016 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis

Summary: IBM and Ponemon Institute are pleased to release the 2016 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis. According to our research, the average total cost of a data breach for the 383 companies participating in this research increased from $3.79 to $4 million . The average cost paid for each lost or stolen record containing sensitive and confidential information increased from $154 in 2015 to $158 in this year's study. In addition to cost data, our global study looks at the likelihood of a company having one or more data breach occurrences in the next 24 months. We estimate a 26 percent probability of a material data breach involving 10,000 lost or stolen records. According to this year's findings, organizations in Brazil and South Africa are most likely to have a material data breach involving 10,000 or more records. In contrast, organizations in Germany and Australia are least likely to experience a material data breach. In this year's study, 383 companies located in the following 12 countries participated: United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, France, Brazil, Japan, Italy, India, the Arabian region (United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia), Canada and, for the first time, South Africa. All participating organizations experienced a data breach ranging from approximately 3,000 to slightly more than 101,500 compromised records . We define a compromised record as one that identifies the individual whose information has been lost or stolen in a data breach. Seven global megatrends in the cost of data breach research Over the many years studying the data breach experience of 2,013 organizations in every industry, the research has revealed the following seven megatrends. 1. Since first conducting this research, the cost of a data breach has not fluctuated significantly. This suggests that it is a permanent cost organizations need to be prepared to deal with and incorporate in their data protection strategies. 2. The biggest financial consequence to organizations that experienced a data breach is lost business. Following a data breach, organizations need to take steps to retain customers' trust to reduce the long-term financial impact. 3. Most data breaches continue to be caused by criminal and malicious attacks. These breaches also take the most time to detect and contain. As a result, they have the highest cost per record. 4. Organizations recognize that the longer it takes to detect and contain a data breach the more costly it becomes to resolve. Over the years, detection and escalation costs in our research have increased. This suggests investments are being made in technologies and in-house expertise to reduce the time to detect and contain. 5. Regulated industries, such as healthcare and financial services, have the most costly data breaches because of fines and the higher than average rate of lost business and customers. 6. Improvements in data governance programs will reduce the cost of data breach. Incident response plans, appointment of a CISO, employee training and awareness programs and a business continuity management strategy continue to result in cost savings. 7. Investments in certain data loss prevention controls and activities such as encryption and endpoint security solutions are important for preventing data breaches. This year's study revealed a reduction in the cost when companies participated in threat sharing and deployed data loss prevention technologies.

Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2016. 32p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2016 at: http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=SEL03094WWEN

Year: 2016

Country: International

URL: http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=SEL03094WWEN

Shelf Number: 140233

Keywords:
Computer Crimes
Crimes Against Businesses
Cyber Security
Cybercrime

Author: Gill, Martin

Title: Retail Loss Prevention in Perspective

Summary: There is a new report out today which provides a view of the state of loss prevention from those who are in charge of it. Leading loss prevention managers have contributed to this report. It shows that while organised crime is perceived to be a more significant problem now than in the past, the aggravating factor appears to be a strong view that the police are ever more neglectful of retailers. This problem is stoked by other trends such as a tendency to have fewer staff available on the shop floor (and thus less oversight of it); the speed with which retailers make moves in the market to gain a competitive edge without the time to assess the loss/security implications; and the growing practice of opening stores in difficult geographical areas. Against this background, margins in retailing were generally seen to be tight and it was becoming increasingly more difficult to get support for spending on loss prevention measures, although there were some notable successes. Those interviewed generally (but not exclusively) felt they were doing a good job although for most there was room for improvement. Most felt they were supported by the Board but again there was often room for improvement here, and part of the difficulty was that loss prevention was typically distanced from the Board. Moreover, while most were judged at least in part (although often in large part) on loss figures it was noted that this was not something over which they had complete control. Resources were seen as tight and this was sometimes a limitation interviewees said they had to work within. It was seen as difficult to compare performance because figures on shrink were deemed unreliable; it certainly complicated comparisons. Some retailers are moving to 'Total Loss', and this is creating a slight change in focus. Guards were seen to have a use in responding to problems and in providing a visible deterrent but some pointed to lower losses even when guards were taken out of stores. Likewise CCTV was sometimes seen as an essential part of a strategy but others pointed to out of date technology and cameras not being used to their full potential even when present. EAS was sometimes seen as effective against opportunists in particular but also as a poor relation to RFID although for the most part the jury was out on this when assessed in terms of theft prevention rather than stock management. In short, all security measures were seen as good by some and not by others. That said, the favoured crime prevention tool was most often staff; offering both a visible presence and an opportunity to prevent thefts and intervene when necessary. Going forward there is likely to be a greater use of data and linking different databases to inform loss prevention approaches. There were mixed views of both civil recovery schemes and the usefulness of crime partnerships. It was not so much that when done well they were not both praised, they were. Rather it was the case that often practice did not match the potential to influence loss reduction. This was the cause of some anxiety and highlights areas where there are opportunities for improvement. Those working in loss prevention claimed to generate ideas and insights from each other, and there was willingness to work with others potentially pooling resources where appropriate, to improve the loss prevention lot. While some lamented that loss prevention has not raised its game sufficiently others saw potential via greater use of data and intelligence, better use of technologies, more effective engagement from front line staff and via - in certain circumstances - sharing resources to increase their future impact.

Details: Tunbridge Wells, UK: Perpetuity Research & Consultancy International, 2016. 45p.

Source: Available at the Rutgers Criminal Justice Library

Year: 2016

Country: International

URL:

Shelf Number: 145577

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Crimes Against Businesses
Loss Prevention
Organized Crime
Retail Theft
Shoplifting

Author: Ponemon Institute

Title: Closing Security Gaps to Protect Corporate Data: A Study of US and European Organizations

Summary: Closing Security Gaps to Protect Corporate Data: A Study of US and European Organizations sponsored by Varonis, was conducted to determine the security gaps within organizations that can lead to data breaches and security incidents such as ransomware. The study surveyed a total of 3,027 employees in US and European organizations (United Kingdom, Germany and France), including 1,371 individuals (hereafter referred to as end users) who work in such areas as sales, finance and accounting, corporate IT, and business operations, and 1,656 individuals who work in IT and IT security (hereafter referred to as IT). This report includes Key Findings, Conclusions, Methods, and an Appendix with detailed survey questions and results.

Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2016. 26p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 12, 2016 at: https://info.varonis.com/hubfs/docs/research_reports/Varonis_Ponemon_2016_Report.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: International

URL: https://info.varonis.com/hubfs/docs/research_reports/Varonis_Ponemon_2016_Report.pdf

Shelf Number: 147899

Keywords:
Computer Security
Crimes Against Businesses
Cybercrime
Data Breaches
Data Security

Author: Kroll

Title: Anti-bribery and Corruption Benchmarking Report - 2017. Beyond Regulatory Enforcement: The Rise of Reputational Risk

Summary: Based on a survey of compliance professionals, combined with analysis of Ethisphere's data on the World's Most Ethical Companies and insights from Kroll's globally recognized experts in the field of anti-bribery and corruption, key themes from this year's Report include: The Rise of Reputational Risk 35 percent of all risk and compliance professionals surveyed expect their organization's risk to increase. General reputational concerns went from being the least likely reason for a third party to fail a company's vetting standards to now being the most likely reason — a stunning change in just one year. ABC Programs: Ongoing Challenges, New Lines of Defense 40 percent of respondents cite third party violations as the top risk to their organization's anti-bribery and corruption program in 2017. Monitoring: The Evolving Role of Compliance Post-Onboarding The importance of ongoing monitoring was highlighted this year, as more than half (55 percent) of respondents report that they identified legal, ethical, or compliance issues with a third party after due diligence had been conducted. M&A: A Deeper Look M&A activity increased by 5 percent since last year, but respondents indicate that they do not conduct the same level of data collection for the third parties of their transaction targets as they do for their organization's own third parties, despite applicable regulatory guidance.

Details: New York: Kroll, Inc., 2017. 40p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 27, 2017 at: http://www.kroll.com/en-us/abc-report-confirmation?utm_source=email&utm_campaign=abc_report&utm_medium=subscriber_email

Year: 2017

Country: International

URL: http://www.kroll.com/en-us/abc-report-confirmation?utm_source=email&utm_campaign=abc_report&utm_medium=subscriber_email

Shelf Number: 144587

Keywords:
Bribery
Bribes
Corruption and Fraud
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes

Author: Lutchminarain, Natasha

Title: Safety as a Priority at Shopping Centres in Gauteng: An assessment of existing security measures

Summary: Violent crime and more specifically armed robberies constitute a growing threat to shopping centres in terms of their vulnerability to such criminal acts. These violent crimes are becoming ever more organised and sophisticated. Shopping centres across South Africa have become the latest targets for these syndicates. Due to the increasing number of armed robberies and violent crimes at shopping centres and the nature of violence used in these attacks, it points to a need for improvements to be made to the security measures that are in place at shopping centres. This study explored the risks and vulnerabilities at shopping centres that have led to the phenomenon of armed robberies at shopping centres in Gauteng; evaluated the current physical protection systems that are in place at shopping centres in Gauteng in order to assist with the reduction of shopping centre armed robberies; and recommendations were made for the implementation of effective security risk control measures at shopping centre's across South Africa and specifically the province of Gauteng. Self-administered questionnaire surveys were used to explore the phenomenon from the perspectives of both retail employees and customers. The data collected from the questionnaires, utilising the non-experimental research design, were quantitatively analysed. Based on the findings from the study recommendations for the improvement of shopping centre security were formulated along with recommendations for future research.

Details: Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa: University of South Africa, 2015. 188p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 17, 2017 at: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/19862/Lutchminarain_n_dissertation.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Year: 2015

Country: South Africa

URL: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/19862/Lutchminarain_n_dissertation.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Shelf Number: 146232

Keywords:
Armed Robbery
Crimes Against Businesses
Retail Security
Retail Stores
Security Measures
Shopping Centers
Shopping Malls
Violent Crimes

Author: Boemcken, Marc von, ed.

Title: Commercial Security and Development: Findings from Timor-Leste, Liberia and Peru

Summary: Commercial security affects a number of development-related factors, such as the capacity of states to govern, overall feelings of public safety, economic growth and social welfare. Findings from field research in Timor-Leste, Liberia and Peru indicate that the relation between commercial security and development is highly ambivalent. Security markets can foster economic growth and ease the burden on the back of the public security sector. Nevertheless, weak regulation of commercial security practices has created problems. These include low-level conflicts between public and private security providers over policing authorities in particular surroundings. Moreover, a trend toward the corporatization of private guarding has engendered extremely exploitative labor relations in the security industry. In the worst case, security firms may even commit frequent human rights abuses, thereby directly undermining any wider sense of security in society. From a development-policy perspective, these findings are all the more pertinent, since international development organizations themselves are often the largest customers of security companies.

Details: Bonn, Germany: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2011. 80p.

Source: Internet Resource: Brief 45: Accessed November 4, 2017 at: https://www.bicc.de/uploads/tx_bicctools/brief45.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL: https://www.bicc.de/uploads/tx_bicctools/brief45.pdf

Shelf Number: 148032

Keywords:
Commercial Security
Crimes Against Businesses
Private Security
Security Personnel

Author: Kroll

Title: Anti-Bribery and Corruption Benchmarking Report - 2018. Converging Third Party Risks: Regulation, Reputation, and Information

Summary: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In today's global, hyper-connected economy, we find anti-bribery and corruption programs in the midst of an evolution that is driven by converging organizational risks and priorities. Regulatory mandates, critical reputational factors, and data security issues are increasingly intertwined as compliance teams strive to protect their organizations from ABC risks. The common thread running through all these risks is the high volume of direct and indirect third parties that partner with and supply services to organizations. Forty-five percent of respondents work with at least 1,000 third parties per year, a six percentage point increase over the 2017 Report. Individually, regulatory, reputational, and data security risks are persistent challenges that compliance and ethics professionals know very well. The convergence of these risks is driving greater collaboration between the organization's compliance and information security teams, which can make for stronger, more compliant anti-bribery and corruption programs. Leadership engagement, always a key and essential contributor to program effectiveness, is especially critical for ensuring enterprise-wide support for compliance efforts. Doing business ethically and maintaining an up-to-date anti-bribery and corruption program is not just about avoiding the pitfalls of reputational or legal risk. Investors are finding that a focus on ethical business dealings can translate into rewarding financial outcomes. By way of example, the publicly traded companies among Ethisphere's 2018 World's Most Ethical Companies ("Honorees") outperformed U.S. Large Cap Indices by 4.88 percent over the last three years, demonstrating that ethics and performance are well-suited companions and valued in the marketplace. Despite the increased focus and engagement of organizational resources on compliance efforts, a staggering 93 percent of respondents believe their ABC risks will remain the same or worsen in 2018. Those who expect greater ABC risks attribute the rise to increased enforcement of existing regulations, followed closely by new regulations. Given these expanding regulatory pressures, a holistic, multidisciplinary approach may hold the key to sustainable improvements in the future. Some key findings from our study include: ABC PROGRAMS: ONGOING CHALLENGES Overall, the results of this year's survey were consistent with those in our last report; namely, that third party risks - particularly reputational issues - were of greatest concern to respondents. In a shift from last year, however, respondents singled out increased enforcement of existing regulations along with the prospect of new regulations as the top reasons why they expect their anti-bribery and corruption risks to grow in 2018. A significant percentage of respondents continue to worry that they are not prepared to address the risks that their third parties present. Indeed, 58 percent of respondents uncovered legal, ethical, or compliance issues with a third party after initial due diligence. Most often, organizations' due diligence practices - such as ongoing and active monitoring - are responsible for bringing these issues to light. However, in a growing number of cases, third parties are self-disclosing infractions, a clear reflection of changing cultural and regulatory trends, including heightened concerns over personal liability. Risk-based segmentation, ongoing monitoring that incorporates regular data refresh, and periodic program evaluations have emerged as best-practice features of effective anti-bribery and corruption programs. OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE RISKS ON THE RISE The most notable year-over-year change in survey responses was the increased concern over opaque ownership structures, which rose this year to become the third most common reason why third parties are failing to meet an organization's standards. However, current mitigation efforts have not translated into confidence for compliance teams: less than a quarter of respondents reported that they are very comfortable with their ability to effectively address the risks associated with beneficial ownership. A global expansion of regulatory mandates that demand attention to ownership is driving much of the greater focus on the matter. Broader societal expectations, however, are also playing a critical role; the potential for significant, long-lasting reputational damage has made the effort to track ownership an imperative. ABC AFTER ONBOARDING: ONGOING MONITORING AND DATA REFRESH In the fast-changing global marketplace, organizations cannot expect that a third party's risk profile and/or ownership will remain static after initial on-boarding due diligence. In fact, regulatory guidance has made ongoing monitoring an expectation for an effective and engaged anti-bribery and corruption program. However, there is no clear mandate as to what monitoring should entail or how often it should be done. To be expected - and consistent with prior data -respondents reported a number of different approaches to monitoring. This year, however, we introduced the topic of third party data refresh into our survey and found many organizations using the practice to one degree or another. Refreshing baseline information on their third-party universe can help ensure organizations are conducting diligence or other monitoring practices corresponding with the actual risk presented by their third parties. With anti-bribery and corruption programs increasingly driven by technology, data integrity is a growing factor in risk mitigation and defense. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Virtually the same percentage of respondents reported their organizations had engaged in M and A activity in 2017 as did in the prior year (62 percent and 67 percent, respectively). However, M and A continues to challenge compliance professionals from an anti-bribery and corruption perspective. The data shows that respondents are still not consistently meeting regulatory guidance, which expects organizations to thoroughly understand who they are acquiring. Similar to last year, respondents report collecting less information on the third parties of their transaction targets than on direct third parties. In a more positive development, Kroll experts have noted that some organizations, particularly those looking to be acquired, are turning this exercise into a competitive advantage. "Clean-up" work on their own third-party universe or supply chains can help make target companies more attractive to buyers and accelerate the transaction process. NEW RESOURCES EMERGE AS ABC AND ENTERPRISE RISKS CONVERGE A convergence of risk factors - specifically regulatory, reputational, and data security - is driving home the realization that greater collaboration and support from resources across the enterprise can help anti-bribery and corruption programs better mitigate risks. Increasingly stringent data privacy laws - including the imminent adoption of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - are making information - gathering on third parties a minefield. Across all survey respondents, 85 percent described themselves as somewhat or very concerned about data security risks. Meanwhile, mobile technology and applications such as WhatsApp and WeChat are creating internal vulnerabilities. Growing collaboration between compliance and information security/technology teams is proving instrumental in making due diligence efforts compliant and comprehensive. Overall, ABC programs are receiving greater investments from their organizations; however, nearly half of this year's respondents (47 percent) feel they need more resources. Measuring the effectiveness of programs can be the key to ensuring appropriate funding levels. Indeed, the survey data shows a link between program measurement and high levels of leadership engagement, which plays a critical role in anti-bribery and corruption program effectiveness. Beyond regulatory compliance, leaders are aiming to safeguard brands and organizational reputations.

Details: New York: 2018. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 9, 2019 at: https://www.kroll.com/en-us/abc-report

Year: 2018

Country: International

URL: https://1okg7q3ipr08ql7es2x3ip4634-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Kroll_2018_ABC_Report_Digital.pdf

Shelf Number: 154046

Keywords:
ABC Programs
Anti-Bribery
Bribery
Bribes
Corruption
Crimes Against Businesses
Financial Crimes
Fraud
General Data Protection Regulation
Security Risks

Author: University of Gloucestershire

Title: Gloucester City Safe in 2018: Research conducted by students....

Summary: Executive Summary -- This report presents the findings from an examination of the Business Crime Reduction Partnership (BCRP) 'Gloucester City Safe' conducted by students from the University of Gloucestershire in October 2018. Gloucester City Safe was designed to tackle crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour in Gloucester, Stroud and the surrounding areas. Its 150+ business members work in partnership with the Police, Local Authorities and other stakeholders to tackle issues such as shoplifting, theft, alcohol related disorder, street drinking and begging through the application of a two-tiered sanction-based exclusion system. Since 2014, the University of Gloucestershire has worked with Gloucester City Safe (hereafter 'the Scheme') on collaborative research projects designed to consider the Scheme's operation and effectiveness and to generate insight in to public views on crime and safety. In October 2018, student researchers conducted public surveys in Gloucester City Centre (gaining 662 responses) and interviewed some of the Scheme's members (26 members interviewed). This report presents the findings from this activity, and can be used by the Scheme's management and the police to enhance understanding of crime and disorder in Gloucester and its surrounding areas and to help inform efforts to tackle these issues. The main findings from the report are summarised here. Public perceptions of crime, safety, policing and the Scheme -- A majority (36%) of the sample stated that 'shoplifting and theft' was the biggest problem in Gloucester, and that 'drugs' was the biggest cause of crime in Gloucester (selected by 24%). Feelings of safety were high among the sample, with 72% describing their perceived level of safety in Gloucester city centre as between six and 10 out of 10 (with 10 indicating feeling completely safe). Respondents were asked to provide their view on the effectiveness of police efforts to tackle crime in Gloucester city centre, with 60% of respondents stating that the police were 'very effective' or 'effective' in this regard. Just under half of the sample (47%, 314/662) had heard of the Scheme, and 76% (237/312) of this sub-sample stated that the Scheme was 'very effective' or 'effective' at tackling crime in Gloucester city centre. Those that had heard of the Scheme were asked whether knowing that it is in operation makes them feel safer in Gloucester city centre; 80% (250/314) responded 'Yes'. Member feedback on the Scheme -- Members were highly positive about the effectiveness of the Scheme, and about the communications and information sharing procedures employed by the Scheme. Members reported feeling safer in their place of work because of presence of the City Protection Officers (CPOs) and due to increased awareness concerning risks arising from effective information sharing among members. Some members stated that the Scheme is an effective deterrent for offenders and that its activity has eased the burden on the police. Members were positive about the incident reporting process, about the ease with which they could communicate information to the Scheme, and about the assistance that they receive from the Scheme manager and the CPOs with the reporting process. The DISC web platform and mobile application was described by members as very useful and user-friendly. The recent revisions to the offender gallery organisation was reported to have improved usability, and the speed with which incidents are uploaded and made viewable by the Scheme's manager was greatly appreciated and noted as highly useful. Members noted that most offenders are deterred by the receipt of a yellow card and the threat of a City Safe ban. However, many of the members noted a serious problem with a minority of offenders that ignore the sanctions and continue offending. For these repeat offenders, members noted that the card system is not effective. There were members who expressed a need for more severe consequences for repeat offenders, for increased police enforcement of exclusions and for increased use of Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs) for this group. Members were highly positive concerning the work of the City Protection Officer (CPOs), stating that they had made a significant difference since their introduction. There were many examples provided of incidents where the CPOs had helped tackle or prevent an issue or diffused a situation, and members spoke positively about the personal relationships they had developed with the CPOs. Some members also noted that more CPOs, and CPO shift patterns that meant they were present in the city centre for longer periods of the day, would be beneficial.

Details: Cheltenham, UK: Author, 2019. 23p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2019 at: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/6553/7/Gloucester%20City%20Safe%20in%202018.pdf

Year: 2019

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/6553/7/Gloucester%20City%20Safe%20in%202018.pdf

Shelf Number: 155820

Keywords:
Antisocial Behavior
Business Crime Prevention
Cities and Crime
Communities and Crime
Crimes Against Businesses
Design Against Crime
Disorderly Conduct
Public Safety
Shoplifting
Theft

Author: Retail BC

Title: Preventing Violence, Robbery, and Theft: A Guide for Retail Owners, Managers, and Workers

Summary: This book describes key risks and how to prevent violent incidents in the workplace. It addresses issues such as shoplifting, robbery, and abusive customers. It also includes information on what to do if an incident occurs in your workplace. The book contains numerous forms, including a suspect and vehicle identification sheet, a safety and security checklist, and an incident investigation report.

Details: Vancouver, BC, Canada: Retail BC, Retail Council of Canada, WorkSafe BC, 2012. 44p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2019 at: https://www.worksafebc.com/en/resources/health-safety/books-guides/preventing-violence-robbery-and-theft

Year: 2012

Country: Canada

URL: https://www.worksafebc.com/en/resources/health-safety/books-guides/preventing-violence-robbery-and-theft

Shelf Number: 156086

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Retail Theft
Retail Workers
Robbery
Shoplifting
Stealing

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